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質問 # 162
An organisation needs to determine whether to lease a piece of equipment or purchase it outright. From the following statements, which ones describe the advantages for a procurement organisation to lease rather than to purchase outright?
* Capital allowances may be set against tax, and grants may be available
* There is no initial investment which would tie up the organisation's working capital
* It would protect against technological obsolescence as equipment can be replaced as required
* The total cost may be higher than purchasing the equipment outright
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
正解：A
解説：
Leasing offers several advantages in procurement, particularly in high-value asset management:
* No initial investment: Leasing eliminates the need for a significant upfront capital outlay, preserving working capital for other purposes.
* Protection against obsolescence: Leasing agreements often allow organizations to upgrade equipment, thus mitigating risks related to technology becoming outdated.
While capital allowances (option 1) may be relevant in purchases, they do not apply to the leasing advantage.
Option 4, highlighting the total cost, is typically a disadvantage of leasing, not an advantage, as leasing can be more costly over time compared to an outright purchase.
質問 # 163
An organisation might find it more beneficial to lease and use an asset over a predetermined period. After this period, the lessee has the right to secure an outright ownership of the asset by paying an agreed amount; otherwise, the asset would be repossessed by the lessor. Which of the following is an advantage of leasing?
- A. The usage of the asset is usually capped
- B. Long-term commitment to pay instalments even if not using the asset
- C. Costs are known and agreed in advance
- D. The total cost of ownership is not applicable as the asset is leased
正解：C
質問 # 164
Which of the following are recognised as disadvantages of ERP systems? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Only applied to manufacturing
- B. Required intensive employee training
- C. Lower factory efficiencies Excluded inventory records
- D. High initial investment
正解：B、D
解説：
Implementing a full ERP system is not an easy option. They are complex systems and the disad-vantages include the following:
- The installation of the ERP system is costly. ERP consultants are very expensive take approxi-mately 60% of the budget.
- The success depends on the skills and experience of the workforce, including education and how to make the system work properly.
- Resistance in sharing internal information between departments can reduce the efficiency of the software.
- The systems can be difficult to use.
- Change of staff, companies can employ administrators who are not trained to manage the ERP system of the employing company, proposing changes in business practices that are not synchro-nized with the system.
- Having an ERP system has many advantages, but does not guarantee the total success of the company.
Organizational culture, know how to involve staff and anticipate changes that will suffer the organization using this system of administration, are important elements for the completion of the implementation.
- The effectiveness of the ERP system may decrease if there is resistance to share information be-tween business units or departments. Due to strong changes that implementation of the ERP system brings in the culture of work, there may be poorly trained or disinterested in making use of the same staff...
- The benefits of having an ERP system are not presented immediately with the implementation of the software, they will be evident long after the system is running.
- The culmination of the implementation depends on the ability and skill of the workforce, also involves education and training, to make the system is correctly applied.
質問 # 165
Extra units that are held in inventory to reduce the risks of stock-out are called...?
- A. Reorder point
- B. Safety stock
- C. Just-in-time
- D. Demand variance
正解：B
解説：
The safety stock (or buffer stock) is the stock level that limits stock shortages due to unforeseen events (forecasts not in line with demand, longer than expected supply time, etc...) Demand variance is the degree to which the demand in a fixed period deviates from the average demand of the same period.
A reorder point is the unit quantity on hand that triggers the purchase of a predetermined amount of replenishment inventory.
The just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a management strategy that aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with production schedules.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 84-85
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 166
A major investment bank is planning to purchase a complex banking system that will interface with multiple applications at varying times of the day. Before deploying the system, there are various levels of testing that must be performed through joint testing between the in-house team and off-shore testing consultants. The testing will be performed in a resource-constrained shared environment and managed by the on-shore development team. The costs for testing are generally classified as...?
- A. Maintenance costs
- B. Purchase prices
- C. Insurance
- D. Acquisition costs
正解：D
解説：
In the scenario, the buying organisation (investment bank) must conduct various types of testing before the deployment of the software system. These tests can be functional testing, factory ac-ceptance testing and/or user acceptance testing. The costs for all these types of testing are classified as acquisition costs with regards of total cost of ownership.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 150-152
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 167
Which of the following is another name for scheduled (routine) maintenance?
- A. Run to breakdown
- B. Predictive maintenance
- C. Preventative maintenance
- D. Corrective maintenance
正解：C
解説：
There are different types of maintenance that organizations use to increase the uptime of their assets and utility of their facilities. Based on an organization's budget, amount of resources, level of combined experience, and maintenance goals, one or more maintenance types are used.
Proactive types of maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is the most popular type of proactive maintenance. To start conducting preventive maintenance tasks (PMs), an organization does not need to purchase new technology if it already has a CMMS. This is not the case with predictive maintenance which requires condition monitoring sensors and new software integrations. However, with preventive maintenance, the or-ganization runs the risk of over- scheduling maintenance tasks because tasks are scheduled based on time rather than actual conditions. That said, preventive maintenance achieves 12% to 18% cost savings over reactive maintenance.
Predictive maintenance
Predictive maintenance (PdM) is what savvy maintenance teams aspire to have or are already im-plementing.
The major barrier to PdM is the time it takes to implement rather than the cost of the technology itself. For instance, a vibration sensor that can identify imbalance, misalignment, and resonance issues only costs around
$200. But the time it takes to install, integrate with other maintenance software, and adopt a culture around is not time that all organizations are willing to allocate. For those that do allocate the time, PdM provides an 8% to 12% cost savings over preventive maintenance.
Condition-based maintenance
Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is at the core of predictive maintenance but, on its own, does not rely on technology to determine the condition of an asset like PdM does. For instance, a manager may instruct an operator to monitor the condition of an asset and submit a work request when a specific condition is met. This approach may, or may not be, as reliable as predictive maintenance. An organization that has highly-trained operators may spot hazardous conditions better than an organization using PdM technology that doesn't know what to look for.
Scheduled maintenance
Scheduled maintenance includes work that is scheduled on a calendar for completion. The most common type of scheduled maintenance is calendar-based preventive maintenance tasks. These are scheduled well in advance of completion. For instance, an asset with a monthly PM has twelve instances of scheduled maintenance in a given year. However, just because maintenance is scheduled does not mean it's planned.
Planned maintenance implies that a maintenance planner or other type of maintenance worker has fully planned for parts, materials, skills, and other resources to be available during the scheduled time window.
Planned maintenance
Planned maintenance is work that's prepared for in advance of it taking place. According to an UpKeep survey, it's also the most popular key performance indicator (KPI) to track. A high planned maintenance percentage indicates that a maintenance team will have resources available to complete work for the time/day the work is scheduled for. Having a high planned maintenance percentage also helps boost other maintenance KPIs like schedule compliance. More planned maintenance means more successful completion of scheduled maintenance.
Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance is a form of time-based maintenance and preventive maintenance, though some organizations differentiate between routine maintenance and preventive maintenance. They use the latter for smaller tasks (i.e. cleaning) performed at higher frequencies (hourly, daily) and the former for larger tasks (i.
e. inspections) performed at lower frequencies (weekly, monthly, annually). Additionally, routine maintenance is performed by operators, janitors, and other staff member while preventive maintenance is performed by technicians. Non-routine maintenance includes maintenance that is performed reactively or only when needed based on an asset's conditions.
Reactive types of maintenance
Emergency maintenance
Emergency maintenance occurs when an asset requires immediate attention in order to keep a facility operational or safe. This is the most reactive and intrusive type of maintenance as it pulls technicians away from other jobs and lowers schedule compliance. In extreme circumstances, emergency maintenance can set an organization back days depending on the scope of the repair, available parts, and the asset's level of importance. To reduce the amount of emergency maintenance that is both unplanned and unscheduled, organizations adopt various forms of proactive maintenance.
Corrective maintenance
Corrective maintenance is inherently part of emergency maintenance because, when there is an emergency, something needs corrected or fixed. In this way, corrective maintenance is mostly reactive. However, it can also be proactive. If an asset with a condition monitoring sensor detects an issue, a workorder is created and a technician is sent to correct it. Similarly, preventive maintenance is considered corrective maintenance if there is an issue to fix. This is rare though as PMs are often conducted when an asset is in good working order.
Other types of maintenance
Deferred maintenance
Deferred maintenance includes repairs and inspections that are put into a backlog due to limited budget and resources. While deferring maintenance saves money up front, the costs of not performing important maintenance compounds at 7% annually. Rising costs come from fines resulting from missed inspections and unscheduled downtime that brings production to a standstill. By far, deferred maintenance and emergency maintenance are the least desired types of maintenance.
Total productive maintenance
Total productive maintenance (TPM) is the broadest type of maintenance that targets more than the assets that need maintained. It also aims to improve employee satisfaction and overall morale in the workplace, specifically in manufacturing plants. TPM does this by increasing overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and the amount of planned maintenance. More planned work means more workers have the resources they need to do their job, which means higher levels of satisfaction. TPM also leverages machine operators to participate in maintenance and take ownership of their equipment.
質問 # 168
A local hospital has a highly complex piece of medical equipment delivering proton beam therapy that only one supplier in the world manufactures. Owing to the specialist nature of the equipment, the patient waiting list is extremely long. It is therefore essential that the equipment failure downtime is kept to an absolute minimum, as it would have a negative impact on patient treatment delays. Due to the complex nature and essential need of the equipment to be in continual use, which of the followingpackages will offer the most protection in ensuring reliability and reduced downtime arising from equipment failures throughout its lifetime?
- A. A parts-only maintenance package
- B. A service and maintenance included package
- C. A corrective maintenance package
- D. A 12-month from purchase warranty package
正解：B
質問 # 169
Which is the best definition of reorder point?
- A. The level inventory at which an order must be made
- B. The point when one unit of stock remains in stock
- C. The point at which stock will fall to zero minus lead-time
- D. The point when stock reaches zero
正解：A
解説：
Reorder point is the point either in time or in a process when the next order should be placed.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 113
LO 2, AC 2.3
質問 # 170
Zemora Clothing Inc. receives high-priced garments with devices hidden inside the lining to avoid possible fraudulent removal from the shop. These tags are activated upon arrival at stores, and security alerts are triggered if a garment is removed or taken out of the store without payment. Which of the following order tracking technology is used by this company?
- A. Electronic data interchange
- B. Radio frequency identification
- C. Bar coding system
- D. Electronic resource planning
正解：B
解説：
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) enables real-time tracking of items and is commonly used for security in retail to prevent theft. The tags are activated within a specified range, and alarms trigger when items exit without deactivation. RFID in asset management helps in tracking high-value items, ensuring security and reducing loss.
質問 # 171
PPC Refinery (UK) must close down an out-of-date refinery which has very poor environmental performance. The refinery is very sophisticated with many technically complicated machineries, lubricants, coolants and other chemical substances. Decommissioning the refinery is highly risky and hazardous. To manage the decommissioning process well, PPC project team must know these machineries and substances in details. Which document can provide the technical details on the refinery?
- A. Corporate social responsibility policy
- B. Original specifications
- C. Code of Conduct
- D. Non-disclosure agreement
正解：B
解説：
Decommissioning or disposal should start with the original specifications of the assets so that the organisation and supplier can make an appropriate plan. Some specifications also mention the is-sues regarding to end-of-life environmental factors.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 172
A piece of machinery has reached the end of its manufacturing life cycle and is due to be disposed of. What is the process that must take place for this to occur?
- A. Inventory management
- B. Decommissioning
- C. Whole-life costing
- D. Commissioning
正解：B
解説：
Decommissioning is the process of safely retiring equipment from use. It involves steps such as cleaning, dismantling, and responsibly disposing of the asset, especially if it contains hazardous materials. Whole-life asset management includes decommissioning as a key phase, ensuring that assets are disposed of cost- effectively and in compliance with environmental standards.
質問 # 173
With D is the annual demand (units), S is cost per order, H is annual carrying cost per unit; the formula for Economic Order Quantity is....?
- A. √(D*S/3H)
- B. √(2D*S/H)
- C. √(D*S*H)
- D. √(D*S/2H)
正解：B
解説：
LO 2, AC 2.3
質問 # 174
Which of the following are most likely to be the purposes of packing and packaging?
1. To bring the product cost down
2. To protect the product
3. To improve the product recognition
4. To test the product durability
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
正解：A
解説：
It would be really convenient if we could just hand our products directly to the customers, but that's not possible. Packaging needs to be done for several reasons. Here are some of the most prominent ones:
1. Safety: Packaging is used to keep your product safe from external factors. It also prevents human tampering. If you want to sell fruit juice, you just can't hand it over to customers. It should be packaged in something, like a stand up pouch.
2. Brand visibility: You provide the best product in your category and you want your customers to remember that. How else will you do that without using the right kind of creative food packaging?
3. Bundling it together: If you want to sell an ounce of something, you need to create a packet so that the right amount is bundled together.
4. Theft prevention: If you sell your product loose, there are chances that the retailer doesn't give the right amount to the customer and saves some part for himself. There are other cases too where theft can be done in the absence of packaging.
Apart from these four, there are many other reasons why you should package your products.
質問 # 175
A retailer wants to improve its service level in inventory management from 95% to 97%. Which of the following is the best course of action?
- A. Increasing safety stock
- B. Holding more cycle stock
- C. Decreasing safety stock
- D. Expanding replenishment lead time
正解：C
解説：
For single items, an extra investment in inventory (higher levels of safety stock) will always in-crease customer service levels. Conversely, higher service levels imply larger quantities of safety stocks and an increased investment in inventory. (Procurement and Supply Chain Management - 9th Edition)
質問 # 176
A brewery sells its beer in aluminum cans. It recycles the cans by using contractors to collect and mold the used cans. This is an example of...?
- A. Open-loop recycling
- B. Closed-loop recycling
- C. Reuse
- D. Carbon recycling
正解：B
解説：
There are two main processes of recycling - open loop recycling and closed loop recycling.
Open Loop Recycling
Open loop recycling is a method that delays disposal by converting manufactured goods and spent materials into both new raw materials, which can be used for a manufacturing purpose, as a fuel source for a different manufacturing process and waste products.
Typically, materials recycled through open-loop recycling will be used for purposes different from their original purpose.
This means that the input into the recycling process is converted to a new raw material, which can be used as an input into another manufacturing process.
Materials in an open loop recycling process are treated using various forms of treatment including heat, chemical reactions, or physical crushing.
Closed Loop Recycling
Closed loop recycling is a process where waste is collected, recycled and then used again to make the same product it came from. This process is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep materials at their highest utility and value always.
Closed loop recycling is focused on resource sustainability, which means that recycling of a material can be done indefinitely without degradation of properties. In this case, conversion of the used product back to raw material allows repeated making of the same product, which helps hazardous waste generators reduce carbon footprint and achieve corporate sustainability initiatives.
Closed-loop recycling is common in specialized industries, such as the computer and battery industries, which use expensive or complex goods that cannot easily be broken down post-consumption into constituent materials.
A prime example of a closed-loop recycling process is the recycling of aluminum cans. Aluminum can be recycled to form new cans with little material degradation or waste creation.
Reference:
- Open Loop Vs Closed Loop Recycling
- CIPS study guide page 203
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 177
"Open stock plus purchases minus closing stock" is the formula of which of the following?
- A. Liability
- B. Cost of goods sold
- C. Inventory
- D. Revenue
正解：B
解説：
The amount of closing stock (properly valued) is used to arrive at the cost of goods sold in a periodic inventory system with the following calculation:
Opening stock + Purchases - Closing stock = Cost of goods sold
質問 # 178
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