[2025年更新]合格できるEC-COUNCIL 312-82試験最新52問題
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EC-COUNCIL 312-82 認定試験の出題範囲：
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質問 # 31
________can support up to 10-14 transactions per second.
- A. Zcash
- B. Ethereum
- C. Bitcoin
- D. Dapps
正解：B
解説：
Ethereumcurrently supports a transaction throughput of approximately10-14 transactions per second (TPS)
. This transaction speed is a result of Ethereum's design, which balances decentralization and security, albeit at the cost of scalability. This TPS rate is consistent across the Ethereum network prior to its upgrade to Ethereum 2.0, which aims to increase scalability through sharding and Proof of Stake.
Key Details:
* Limitations of Current Throughput: Ethereum's TPS rate is due to limitations in its consensus mechanism (formerly Proof of Work, now Proof of Stake) and block size, which prioritize security over transaction speed.
* Comparison with Other Networks: Bitcoin, for example, supports around 3-7 TPS, while other networks like Solana or Binance Smart Chain support significantly higher TPS. Ethereum's TPS may increase as Ethereum 2.0 is fully implemented, which aims to improve its scalability.
* Impact on Decentralized Applications (DApps): Ethereum's transaction capacity impacts DApps running on the network, as higher usage can lead to congestion and increased transaction fees(gas fees).
The upcoming upgrades are intended to alleviate these issues and enhance performance.
Therefore,D. Ethereumis the correct answer, as it supports approximately 10-14 TPS in its current form.
質問 # 32
________is used to split up the tasks into multiple chunks that are then processed by multiple nodes.
- A. Parsing
- B. Sharding
- C. Fragmenting
- D. Partitioning
正解：B
解説：
Shardingis a scalability technique that splits tasks or data into smaller, more manageable pieces called
"shards." These shards are then processed in parallel by multiple nodes in a network. By dividing the workload, sharding can significantly enhance the efficiency and speed of blockchain networks, which is especially beneficial for handling large transaction volumes and complex computations.
Key Details:
* Purpose of Sharding: The main goal of sharding is to address blockchain scalability issues. By enabling the network to process transactions and data in parallel, it reduces the load on individual nodes, thus increasing the overall throughput of the blockchain.
* How Sharding Works: In a sharded blockchain, each node only needs to process a portion of the total data rather than every single transaction on the network. Each shard is responsible for a subset of data and transactions, and only nodes within a particular shard need to validate its transactions.
* Relevance in Blockchain: Sharding is crucial in large-scale blockchain networks like Ethereum, where high transaction volumes can lead to congestion. Ethereum 2.0, for example, incorporates sharding as a core feature to improve its scalability and transaction processing capacity.
Sharding is, therefore, the correct answer, as it directly refers to the method of dividing tasks for parallel processing in a distributed environment.
質問 # 33
A Type II DAPP is categorized by its______
- A. Using the protocol of a type II DApp
- B. Using the blockchain and protocol of a type I
- C. Using the block chain of a type I but not the protocol
- D. Using another blockchain such as Ethereum
正解：B
解説：
AType II DAppis a decentralized application that uses both the blockchain and protocol of aType I DApp.
Type I DApps are the foundational blockchain-based platforms, such as Ethereum, that operate with their own blockchain. Type II DApps build on these platforms, using the existing blockchain and protocol, but offering specific functionalities or services.
Key Details:
* Type I DApps: These are fundamental blockchain platforms, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which have their own blockchain and provide a foundation for other applications.
* Characteristics of Type II DApps: Type II DApps leverage the infrastructure of Type I DApps but add additional functionality through smart contracts or protocols. For example, protocols such asERC-
20 tokensorERC-721 NFTsare built on Ethereum and utilize Ethereum's underlying blockchain and consensus protocol.
* Integration: By utilizing both the blockchain and protocol of a Type I DApp, Type II DApps inherit the security, decentralization, and features of the underlying Type I platform, which simplifies their development and ensures compatibility.
In summary,B. Using the blockchain and protocol of a type Iaccurately describes the categorization of Type II DApps.
質問 # 34
What two types of transactions are there in Ethereum(pick z):
- A. Contract
- B. Contract Creation
- C. User
- D. Message Call
正解：B、D
解説：
In Ethereum, there are two main types of transactions:Message CallandContract Creation. These transaction types enable Ethereum to support both the execution of contracts and interactions between accounts.
Key Details:
* Message Call Transactions: These transactions involve interactions between externally owned accounts (EOAs) or between EOAs and smart contracts. Message calls are used to transfer Ether or invoke functions within existing smart contracts.
* Contract Creation Transactions: This transaction type is used specifically to deploy new smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. During a contract creation transaction, the code for the new contract is included, which the network processes and stores at a unique address.
* Exclusion of User Transactions: While "User" refers to EOAs, it is not a type of transaction itself in Ethereum. Transactions in Ethereum are categorized based on their purpose - either calling an existing contract (Message Call) or creating a new one (Contract Creation).
Thus,C. Message CallandD. Contract Creationare the correct answers, as they represent the two main transaction types in Ethereum.
質問 # 35
Ethereum uses_____ as Proof of Work (PoW) whereas Bitcoin uses____based PoW.
- A. ETHASH SHA-256
- B. PoB BoW
- C. PoW PoB
- D. SHAZ56 ETHASH
正解：A
解説：
Ethereum uses Ethashas its Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm, whileBitcoin uses SHA-256for its PoW algorithm. Both are used to secure their respective networks, but they differ in terms of computational complexity and memory requirements.
Key Details:
* Ethash (Ethereum): Ethash is a memory-hard hashing algorithm designed to be resistant to ASIC mining, favoring GPU miners instead. It requires substantial memory, which helps to ensure a higher degree of decentralization.
* SHA-256 (Bitcoin): Bitcoin's SHA-256 is a highly secure hashing algorithm that supports ASIC mining. It is computationally intensive but less memory-demanding compared to Ethash.
* Purpose in PoW: Both algorithms enable miners to validate transactions and secure the network by solving complex puzzles. Ethash's design helps Ethereum maintain a decentralized network, whereas SHA-256 allows Bitcoin to achieve high levels of security with specialized mining equipment.
Therefore,D. ETHASH SHA-256is the correct answer, as these are the specific PoW algorithms used by Ethereum and Bitcoin, respectively.
質問 # 36
The financial Action Task force defines virtual asset providers as companies that (choose two):
- A. Purchase virtual currency
- B. Sell products for virtual currency
- C. Exchange virtual assets for fiat currency
- D. Transfer virtual assets
正解：C、D
解説：
TheFinancial Action Task Force (FATF)definesVirtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs)in its guidelines to include entities that engage in theexchange of virtual assets for fiat currencyand thetransfer of virtual assets. This categorization is part of the FATF's efforts to regulate and monitor the flow of virtual assets to mitigate risks associated with illicit activities.
Key Details:
* Exchange and Conversion Services: FATF recognizes companies that offer exchange services between virtual assets and fiat currencies as VASPs. These services are critical for converting virtual assets into forms that can be readily used in traditional markets.
* Transfer Services: VASPs that facilitate the transfer of virtual assets are also within the FATF's regulatory scope. This includes services that manage, transfer, or act as intermediaries in the movement of virtual assets between users, ensuring these transactions are conducted transparently and within regulatory frameworks.
Therefore,C. Exchange virtual assets for fiat currencyandD. Transfer virtual assetsare the correct answers, as they align with the FATF's definition of VASPs.
質問 # 37
A____does not result in a new chain and does not require client nodes to upgrade.
- A. Soft fork
- B. Side chain
- C. Hard fork
- D. Dependent chain
正解：A
解説：
Asoft forkis a change to a blockchain protocol that is backward-compatible, meaning it does not result in the creation of a new chain and does not require all client nodes to upgrade. Nodes that do not upgrade can still participate in the network, although they may not have access to all new features introduced by the soft fork.
Key Details:
* Backward Compatibility: In a soft fork, updated nodes enforce the new rules, while non-updated nodes continue to follow the older protocol but remain part of the same blockchain. This contrasts with hard forks, where incompatibility leads to the creation of a new chain.
* Use Cases: Soft forks are commonly used to implement protocol upgrades or adjustments that do not fundamentally alter the structure of the blockchain, such as increasing block size limits or adding new features that are optional.
* Examples: An example of a soft fork is the Segregated Witness (SegWit) update on the Bitcoin blockchain, which was implemented to increase block capacity without splitting the chain.
Thus,B. Soft forkis the correct answer, as it refers to a backward-compatible update that does not require a new chain or mandatory upgrades from all nodes.
質問 # 38
What is the primary benefit to patients of blockchain in the healthcare are industry?
- A. Reduced costs
- B. Total control over personal health records
- C. Reduced wait times
- D. Improved medical outcomes
正解：B
解説：
The primary benefit of blockchain in the healthcare industry for patients istotal control over personal health records. Blockchain enables secure, decentralized storage of health data, allowing patients to control access to their information and share it with healthcare providers as needed.
Key Details:
* Data Ownership and Privacy: Blockchain gives patients the ability to own and manage their health records. They can grant or revoke access to different healthcare providers, ensuring that only authorized personnel have access to their data.
* Improved Security: Health records stored on a blockchain are encrypted and decentralized, making them resistant to tampering and unauthorized access. This enhances patient privacy and reduces the risk of data breaches.
* Interoperability and Accessibility: Blockchain facilitates seamless sharing of health records across different healthcare providers and systems, improving coordination and care continuity without compromising data integrity.
Therefore,B. Total control over personal health recordsis the correct answer, as it represents a significant advantage for patients in managing their healthcare information securely.
質問 # 39
______is intended to provide a foundation for the development of blockchain solutions with a modular architecture.
- A. IROHA
- B. Hyperledger Composer
- C. Sawtooth
- D. FABRIC
正解：D
解説：
Hyperledger Fabricis designed to provide a foundation for developing blockchain solutions with a modular architecture. Fabric, a project under the Hyperledger umbrella by the Linux Foundation, offers flexibility through its pluggable components, enabling enterprises to tailor blockchain networks according to their specific requirements.
Key Details:
* Modular Architecture: Hyperledger Fabric supports modular plug-ins for various functions, including consensus, identity management, and privacy settings. This allows organizations to customize the blockchain to suit their operational needs.
* Permissioned Network: Fabric is a permissioned blockchain, meaning that it restricts network participation to authorized entities, which is ideal for enterprise use cases that require confidentiality and controlled access.
* Enterprise-Grade Features: Fabric's architecture is well-suited for complex business processes, providing features like private data collections, which allow subsets of participants to create private channels for transactions.
Thus,B. FABRICis the correct answer, as it is specifically developed to support modular, enterprise-grade blockchain solutions.
質問 # 40
What type of DApp uses another blockchain such as Ethereum?
- A. Pseude DApp
- B. Type III
- C. DAO
- D. Type II
正解：D
解説：
AType II DAppis characterized by utilizing another blockchain, such as Ethereum, as its underlying platform. Type II DApps generally operate as protocols or platforms themselves and rely on a foundational blockchain (Type I) for their infrastructure. This categorization enables Type II DApps to leverage the security, decentralization, and functionality of the underlying blockchain while adding unique features or protocols.
Key Details:
* Relationship with Type I DApps: Type I DApps are foundational platforms with their own blockchain, such as Ethereum. Type II DApps are built on these foundational platforms, creating additional protocols or applications that depend on the Type I blockchain.
* Examples of Type II DApps: Protocols like the ERC-20 token standard on Ethereum are examples of Type II DApps, as they rely on Ethereum's blockchain but provide their own set of functionalities that can be used by other applications.
* Benefits of Using Existing Blockchains: By using established blockchains, Type II DApps benefit from existing infrastructure and security while extending the blockchain's capabilities.
Therefore,C. Type IIis the correct answer, as it represents DApps built on another blockchain like Ethereum.
質問 # 41
Who first proposed blind signatures to build an untraceable digital currency?
- A. Satoshi Nakamoto
- B. David Chaum
- C. Nick Szabo
- D. Wei Dai
正解：B
解説：
David Chaumfirst proposed the concept ofblind signaturesin the early 1980s as a way to create an untraceable digital currency. Chaum's work laid the groundwork for digital privacy in financial transactions by enabling transactions to be signed without revealing the actual content of the transaction, thus maintaining user privacy.
Key Details:
* Blind Signatures: A blind signature is a form of digital signature in which the content of a message is hidden (or "blinded") before being signed. This allows for privacy-preserving digital transactions, as the signer cannot see the actual content they are signing.
* Application in Digital Currency: Chaum's idea was foundational for the development of anonymous electronic cash systems. His work led to the creation of DigiCash in 1989, one of the earliest forms of digital currency focused on user privacy.
* Influence on Modern Cryptocurrencies: Although Chaum's DigiCash was not a blockchain-based system, his concepts of privacy and anonymous transactions greatly influenced the development of later cryptographic currencies and protocols, including Bitcoin.
Therefore,A. David Chaumis the correct answer, as he pioneered the use of blind signatures for anonymous digital currency.
質問 # 42
According to Consensys, which of the following are benefits of blockchain for finance (pick two)?
- A. Access to international markets
- B. Faster claims processing
- C. Streamlined processes
- D. More reactive market
正解：A、C
解説：
According to ConsenSys, blockchain offers various benefits for finance, includingstreamlined processesand access to international markets. These benefits enable financial institutions to operate more efficiently and expand their services globally.
Key Details:
* Streamlined Processes: Blockchain eliminates intermediaries, automates workflows through smart contracts, and reduces paperwork, resulting in faster and more efficient financial transactions and record-keeping.
* Access to International Markets: Blockchain facilitates cross-border transactions and reduces the barriers associated with currency exchange and international settlements, allowing financial institutions to expand their reach and provide services to a global audience.
* Operational Efficiency: By automating and digitizing various financial processes, blockchain reduces costs, enhances accuracy, and simplifies compliance, making it easier for financial institutions to operate internationally.
Therefore,C. Streamlined processesandD. Access to international marketsare the correct answers, as these align with the benefits of blockchain for finance according to ConsenSys.
質問 # 43
These wallets store keys in a tree structure derived from a seed.
- A. Brain Wallets
- B. Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets
- C. Deterministic Wallets
- D. Non-Deterministic Wallets
正解：B
解説：
Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Walletsare wallets that generate private and public keys in a tree structure, starting from a single seed phrase. This seed phrase can generate multiple key pairs, allowing users to back up and recover all their wallet addresses using one phrase, which enhances security and convenience.
Key Details:
* Tree Structure: HD wallets use a root seed to derive an entire hierarchy of keys. Each branch in the tree can create new sub-branches, generating separate addresses for different transactions without reusing them, which provides better privacy.
* Seed-Based Recovery: Users can restore all wallet addresses with the original seed phrase, making HD wallets more secure and easy to back up compared to non-deterministic wallets, which would require individual backups for each key.
* Compatibility with Blockchain Standards: HD wallets adhere to the BIP32 and BIP44 standards, which outline the derivation paths and formats used by these wallets. This compatibility allows for interoperability among different wallet providers.
In conclusion, Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (answer B) best describes wallets that store keys in a tree structure derived from a seed.
質問 # 44
When using __________ the chain of ownership is established by a chain of digital signatures as each owner signs when transferring ownership.
- A. NFTS
- B. PoET
- C. UTXO
- D. ETHASH
正解：C
解説：
The UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) model establishes a chain of ownership by using digital signatures.
In this model, each transaction consists of inputs (from previous UTXOs) and outputs (new UTXOs), and ownership is transferred by the current owner signing the transaction. This digital signature is then verified by the recipient, ensuring a secure and traceable chain of ownership.
Key Details:
Functionality of UTXO: UTXO is a fundamental part of Bitcoin's transaction model. When a transaction occurs, it consumes previous outputs as inputs, generating new UTXOs. Each UTXO can only be spent once, and ownership is verified through cryptographic signatures.
Chain of Ownership: The UTXO model inherently creates a clear and verifiable chain of ownership, as each output is signed by the current owner and used as input for future transactions, maintaining a continuous and transparent record of asset transfers.
Security through Digital Signatures: UTXO-based transactions rely on digital signatures to authenticate and authorize asset transfers, ensuring that only the rightful owner can initiate a transaction.
Thus, D. UTXO is the correct answer, as it accurately describes the model where ownership is established through a chain of digital signatures.
質問 # 45
________is one of the most widely used enterprise blockchain frameworks applicable across different industries.
- A. Bitcoin
- B. Microsoft Azure
- C. Hyperledger Fabric
- D. Ethereum
正解：C
解説：
Hyperledger Fabricis a widely used enterprise blockchain framework developed under the Linux Foundation's Hyperledger project. It is designed to support various industries by offering a modular architecture, which enables enterprises to create customized blockchain solutions that meet specific business requirements.
Key Details:
* Enterprise Application: Hyperledger Fabric is suitable for use cases requiring privacy and confidentiality, such as supply chain management, healthcare, and finance. It supports permissioned networks where only authorized participants can join.
* Modularity and Flexibility: Fabric's modular design allows organizations to plug in their preferred components for consensus, membership, and data storage. This makes it versatile across different industries and applications.
* Smart Contracts and Chaincode: Fabric supports smart contracts, called chaincode, which enable complex business logic to be executed on the blockchain, providing significant utility to enterprises.
As a result,A. Hyperledger Fabricis the correct answer, as it is a leading enterprise blockchain framework used across multiple sectors.
質問 # 46
How many bitcoin are available?
- A. It increases each year
- B. 1 million
- C. 21 million
- D. It fluctuates with demand
正解：C
解説：
Bitcoin has a fixed supply limit of21 millioncoins, as defined by its protocol. This cap is coded into Bitcoin's original protocol and cannot be altered without a consensus change, ensuring its scarcity and value proposition as a "digital gold." Key Details:
* Fixed Supply: Bitcoin's supply limit is integral to its design, as it imposes a hard cap on the total number of coins that can ever be mined. This limited supply is one of the factors that gives Bitcoin its deflationary nature and potential as a store of value.
* Mining Schedule: New Bitcoins are released into circulation through mining rewards, which halve approximately every four years (in an event known as the "halving"). This gradually reduces the issuance rate until the maximum supply is reached around the year 2140.
* Difference from Other Cryptocurrencies: Unlike some cryptocurrencies that have flexible or inflationary supply models, Bitcoin's finite supply is a distinguishing feature that appeals to those concerned with long-term value preservation.
Therefore,D. 21 millionis the correct answer, as it accurately reflects the total number of Bitcoin that will ever exist.
質問 # 47
_________change the blockchain layout from a linearly sequential model.
- A. Fork chains
- B. Side chains
- C. Sub chains
- D. Tree chains
正解：D
解説：
Tree Chainsmodify the standard blockchain structure from a linear sequence to a tree-like structure, where blocks can have multiple branches instead of forming a single sequential chain. This structure can improve scalability and enable parallel processing, as multiple chains can be validated simultaneously.
Key Details:
* Tree Structure: In tree chains, blocks can have multiple child blocks, which allows transactions to be processed across several branches concurrently. This reduces bottlenecks associated with linear block validation and enhances throughput.
* Benefits Over Linear Chains: Traditional blockchain models process blocks in a strict sequence. Tree chains allow for more flexibility and higher transaction throughput, as multiple blocks can be validated simultaneously across different branches.
* Use Cases: This structure is advantageous for complex applications that require parallel transaction processing, such as large-scale blockchain networks or systems needing high transaction speeds.
Thus,D. Tree chainsis the correct answer, as it refers to the blockchain model that diverges from a linear structure.
質問 # 48
A________in a new chain and requires clients to upgrade in order to participate on the new blockchain.
- A. Soft fork
- B. Sharding
- C. Hard fork
- D. Sub chain
正解：C
解説：
Ahard forkoccurs when there is a fundamental change in a blockchain's protocol, resulting in the creation of a new chain that is incompatible with the previous one. After a hard fork, nodes must upgrade to the new version of the blockchain's software to continue participating in the network. A hard fork can be used to implement new features, fix security issues, or change core aspects of the blockchain.
Key Details:
* Differences from Soft Forks: Unlike a soft fork, which is backward-compatible and allows nodes on the previous version to still participate, a hard fork splits the blockchain into two distinct paths, with the upgraded path requiring new software.
* Examples: Notable hard forks include Bitcoin Cash from Bitcoin and Ethereum Classic from Ethereum. These forks occurred due to disagreements within the community on how to handle certain protocol changes, leading to the creation of separate blockchains.
* Upgrade Requirements: Participants on the blockchain who wish to continue on the new chain after a hard fork must update their software. Those who do not upgrade remain on the original chain, which continues as a separate, incompatible blockchain.
Thus, the correct answer isHard fork (A), as it directly refers to a blockchain split that requires client upgrades for participation.
質問 # 49
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