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質問 # 23
You are using a protocol analyzer for random checks of activity on the WLAN. In the process, you notice two different EAP authentication processes. One process (STA1) used seven EAP frames (excluding ACK frames) before the 4-way handshake and the other (STA2) used 11 EAP frames (excluding ACK frames) before the 4- way handshake.
Which statement explains why the frame exchange from one STA required more frames than the frame exchange from another STA when both authentications were successful? (Choose the single most probable answer given a stable WLAN.)
- A. STA1 is a reassociation and STA2 is an initial association.
- B. STA1 and STA2 are using different cipher suites.
- C. STA1 is a TSN, and STA2 is an RSN.
- D. STA1 and STA2 are using different EAP types.
- E. STA2 has retransmissions of EAP frames.
正解：D
解説：
Different EAP types involve varying numbers of exchanges:
EAP-TLS, for example, involves more exchanges due to certificate negotiation.
EAP-MD5 or PEAP might involve fewer steps.
Thus, the most likely reason for different frame counts during successful authentication is the use of different EAP types.
Incorrect:
A). Cipher suites are negotiated after EAP, not during it.
B). Retransmissions would typically cause noticeable delay and not result in exactly 11 frames.
C). Reassociation does not significantly reduce EAP frame count.
D). RSN/TSN differences are not directly related to EAP exchange length.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 4 (EAP Protocol Operation)
IEEE 802.1X and EAP Behavior Documentation
質問 # 24
Given: An 802.1X/EAP implementation includes an Active Directory domain controller running Windows Server 2012 and an AP from a major vendor. A Linux server is running RADIUS and it queries the domain controller for user credentials. A Windows client is accessing the network.
What device functions as the EAP Supplicant?
- A. Windows server
- B. Windows client
- C. Access point
- D. An unlisted WLAN controller
- E. An unlisted switch
- F. Linux server
正解：B
解説：
In an 802.1X/EAP authentication model:
Supplicant: The device requesting access (the Windows client).
Authenticator: The AP or switch enforcing access decisions.
Authentication Server: The RADIUS server (Linux in this case), which communicates with a backend credential database (Active Directory).
The Windows client runs the EAP supplicant software to initiate authentication.
Incorrect:
A). The Linux server is the Authentication Server (not Supplicant).
C). The AP acts as the Authenticator.
D). The Windows Server is the credential store, not the supplicant.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 4 (802.1X Roles and Communication)
CWNP 802.1X Architecture Diagram
質問 # 25
Given: Your network includes a controller-based WLAN architecture with centralized data forwarding. The AP builds an encrypted tunnel to the WLAN controller. The WLAN controller is uplinked to the network via a trunked 1 Gbps Ethernet port supporting all necessary VLANs for management, control, and client traffic.
What processes can be used to force an authenticated WLAN client's data traffic into a specific VLAN as it exits the WLAN controller interface onto the wired uplink? (Choose 3)
- A. On the Ethernet switch that connects to the AP, configure the switch port as an access port (not trunking) in the VLAN of supported clients.
- B. Configure the WLAN controller with static SSID-to-VLAN mappings; the user will be assigned to a VLAN according to the SSID being used.
- C. In the WLAN controller's local user database, create a static username-to-VLAN mapping on the WLAN controller to direct data traffic from a specific user to a designated VLAN.
- D. During 802.1X authentication, RADIUS sends a return list attribute to the WLAN controller assigning the user and all traffic to a specific VLAN.
正解：B、C、D
解説：
Client VLAN assignment at the controller can be achieved through:
B). RADIUS attributes (e.g., Tunnel-Private-Group-ID) for dynamic VLAN assignment.
C). Static mappings in the WLAN controller's local user DB.
D). SSID-to-VLAN bindings assign traffic from specific SSIDs to specific VLANs.
Incorrect:
A). The AP connects to the controller over a tunneled link. VLAN configuration at the AP's Ethernet port does not impact client VLAN assignment in centralized forwarding mode.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 6 (Dynamic VLAN Assignment)
CWNP WLAN Controller Configuration Guides
質問 # 26
What wireless authentication technologies may build a TLS tunnel between the supplicant and the authentication server before passing client authentication credentials to the authentication server? (Choose 3)
- A. EAP-TTLS
- B. LEAP
- C. PEAPv0/MSCHAPv2
- D. EAP-TLS
- E. EAP-MD5
正解：A、C、D
解説：
All three EAP methods - EAP-TLS, PEAPv0, and EAP-TTLS - establish a secure TLS tunnel between the supplicant and the authentication server before client credentials are passed:
B). EAP-TLS uses mutual certificate authentication inside a TLS tunnel.
D). PEAPv0/MSCHAPv2 creates a TLS tunnel and then authenticates the user with MSCHAPv2 inside the tunnel.
E). EAP-TTLS creates a TLS tunnel and then supports legacy credentials (e.g., PAP, CHAP, MSCHAPv2) securely within it.
Incorrect:
A). EAP-MD5 does not use TLS at all.
C). LEAP is not TLS-based and is considered insecure.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 4 (TLS-Based EAP Methods)
CWNP EAP Protocol Comparison Matrix
質問 # 27
Given: You must implement 7 APs for a branch office location in your organization. All APs will be autonomous and provide the same two SSIDs (CORP1879 and Guest).
Because each AP is managed directly through a web-based interface, what must be changed on every AP before enabling the WLANs to ensure proper staging procedures are followed?
- A. Output power
- B. Cell radius
- C. Administrative password
- D. Fragmentation threshold
正解：C
解説：
For security and proper management, each autonomous AP must have:
A unique, non-default administrative password.
This ensures attackers cannot guess login credentials and access AP settings.
Especially critical when managing via web interface, which may expose login portals to the local network.
Incorrect:
A). Fragmentation threshold is rarely adjusted except for special performance tuning.
C & D. Output power and cell radius settings are adjusted during RF design, but they don't relate to staging
/security directly.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 7 (AP Deployment Security)
CWNP WLAN Deployment Hardening Best Practices
質問 # 28
ABC Company uses the wireless network for highly sensitive network traffic. For that reason, they intend to protect their network in all possible ways. They are continually researching new network threats and new preventative measures. They are interested in the security benefits of 802.11w, but would like to know its limitations.
What types of wireless attacks are protected by 802.11w? (Choose 2)
- A. Social engineering attacks
- B. Robust management frame replay attacks
- C. RF DoS attacks
- D. Layer 2 Disassociation attacks
正解：B、D
解説：
802.11w, also known as Protected Management Frames (PMF), is designed to protect specific types of 802.11 management frames such as disassociation and deauthentication frames. These frames were previously sent unencrypted and could be spoofed by attackers to disconnect clients (DoS attacks). With 802.11w, these frames are cryptographically protected, mitigating such attacks.
PMF also includes replay protection for these management frames, preventing attackers from capturing and replaying them to disrupt network connectivity.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 6 (Wireless LAN Security Solutions)
IEEE 802.11w-2009 amendment
CWNP Whitepapers on PMF and Management Frame Protection
質問 # 29
What statements are true about 802.11-2012 Protected Management Frames? (Choose 2)
- A. When frame protection is in use, the PHY preamble and header as well as the MAC header are encrypted with 256- or 512-bit AES.
- B. Management frame protection protects disassociation and deauthentication frames.
- C. 802.11w frame protection protects against some Layer 2 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, but it cannot prevent all types of Layer 2 DoS attacks.
- D. Authentication, association, and acknowledgment frames are protected if management frame protection is enabled, but deauthentication and disassociation frames are not.
正解：B、C
解説：
A). 802.11w (now part of 802.11-2012) introduces protection for management frames, especially disassociation and deauthentication frames, helping prevent spoofing-based DoS attacks. However, it cannot prevent all types of Layer 2 DoS (e.g., RF jamming).
D). Specifically, 802.11w protects disassociation and deauthentication frames by signing them with cryptographic keys.
Incorrect:
B). The MAC header and PHY preamble are not encrypted under any standard.
C). Authentication and association frames are not protected by 802.11w; only certain management frames are.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 6 (802.11w Management Frame Protection)
IEEE 802.11w and 802.11-2012 Standards
質問 # 30
When using a tunneled EAP type, such as PEAP, what component is protected inside the TLS tunnel so that it is not sent in clear text across the wireless medium?
- A. Server credentials
- B. RADIUS shared secret
- C. User credentials
- D. X.509 certificates
正解：C
解説：
In tunneled EAP types (e.g., PEAP, EAP-TTLS):
A secure TLS tunnel is first established using the server's certificate.
Then, user credentials (e.g., username/password) are sent through the encrypted tunnel to ensure confidentiality.
Incorrect:
A). Certificates are exchanged during tunnel establishment, not protected within it.
C). Server credentials are used to establish the tunnel, not protected inside it.
D). The RADIUS shared secret secures communication between AP/controller and RADIUS server-not sent via the tunnel.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 4 (Tunneled EAP Methods)
IEEE 802.1X and EAP Specifications
質問 # 31
Given: WLAN attacks are typically conducted by hackers to exploit a specific vulnerability within a network.
What statement correctly pairs the type of WLAN attack with the exploited vulnerability? (Choose 3)
- A. Social engineering attacks are performed to collect sensitive information from unsuspecting users
- B. Hijacking attacks interrupt a user's legitimate connection and introduce a new connection with an evil twin AP.
- C. Management interface exploit attacks are attacks that use social engineering to gain credentials from managers.
- D. Zero-day attacks are always authentication or encryption cracking attacks.
- E. RF DoS attacks prevent successful wireless communication on a specific frequency or frequency range.
- F. Association flood attacks are Layer 3 DoS attacks performed against authenticated client stations
正解：A、B、E
解説：
C). RF DoS attacks use signal jamming or interference to prevent communication.
D). Hijacking uses deauthentication and re-association to force users onto rogue APs.
E). Social engineering uses manipulation to acquire credentials or sensitive information.
Incorrect:
A). Management interface exploit attacks typically involve web or CLI interface vulnerabilities, not social engineering.
B). Zero-day attacks are based on unknown vulnerabilities, not just limited to authentication or encryption.
F). Association flood attacks occur at Layer 2, not Layer 3.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 5 (Types of Wireless Attacks)
CWNP Security Essentials - WLAN Threat Matrix
CWNP Whitepapers on Rogue APs and Social Engineering
質問 # 32
In order to acquire credentials of a valid user on a public hot-spot network, what attacks may be conducted?
Choose the single completely correct answer.
- A. Code injection and/or XSS
- B. MAC denial of service and/or physical theft
- C. RF DoS and/or physical theft
- D. Authentication cracking and/or RF DoS
- E. Social engineering and/or eavesdropping
正解：E
解説：
Comprehensive Detailed Explanation:
On public Wi-Fi hotspots (typically unsecured), attackers often perform:
Eavesdropping: By passively listening to unencrypted traffic, an attacker can capture credentials or sensitive data.
Social engineering: Users may be tricked into entering their credentials on a spoofed login page or disclosing them directly through phishing or manipulation.
These are the most effective and common methods for credential theft in open network environments.
Incorrect:
B & C. Physical theft is not network-based and not relevant to hotspot-based credential acquisition.
D). Authentication cracking is not applicable to open networks with captive portals.
E). Code injection/XSS may happen in web apps but are not directly methods for acquiring hotspot credentials.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 5 (Threats and Attacks)
CWNP Security Essentials: Eavesdropping and Social Engineering in WLANs
質問 # 33
The following numbered items show some of the contents of each of the four frames exchanged during the 4- way handshake:
1. Encrypted GTK sent
2. Confirmation of temporal key installation
3. Anonce sent from authenticator to supplicant
4. Snonce sent from supplicant to authenticator, MIC included
Arrange the frames in the correct sequence beginning with the start of the 4-way handshake.
- A. 2, 3, 4, 1
- B. 4, 3, 1, 2
- C. 3, 4, 1, 2
- D. 1, 2, 3, 4
正解：C
解説：
The correct sequence of the 4-Way Handshake frames in WPA/WPA2 is:
Message 1: Authenticator sends ANonce to the supplicant # (3)
Message 2: Supplicant sends SNonce and a MIC to the authenticator # (4) Message 3: Authenticator sends GTK and confirms keys with MIC # (1) Message 4: Supplicant confirms installation of PTK/GTK # (2) This process ensures mutual key confirmation and integrity before data traffic begins.
質問 # 34
Given: ABC Company has recently installed a WLAN controller and configured it to support WPA2- Enterprise security. The administrator has configured a security profile on the WLAN controller for each group within the company (Marketing, Sales, and Engineering).
How are authenticated users assigned to groups so that they receive the correct security profile within the WLAN controller?
- A. The RADIUS server forwards the request for a group attribute to an LDAP database service, and LDAP sends the group attribute to the WLAN controller.
- B. The WLAN controller polls the RADIUS server for a complete list of authenticated users and groups after each user authentication.
- C. The RADIUS server sends a group name return list attribute to the WLAN controller during every successful user authentication.
- D. The RADIUS server sends the list of authenticated users and groups to the WLAN controller as part of a 4-Way Handshake prior to user authentication.
正解：C
解説：
RADIUS supports dynamic policy assignment via return list attributes (e.g., Tunnel-Private-Group-ID, Class).
The WLAN controller reads this group attribute and applies the corresponding security profile (e.g., VLAN, QoS).
Incorrect:
A). The controller does not poll the RADIUS server.
C). LDAP may support group info, but RADIUS mediates it for WLAN usage.
D). Group attributes are not sent during the 4-Way Handshake-it occurs after EAP success.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 6 (Role-Based Access Control and RADIUS Policy Assignment)
質問 # 35
Given: ABC Company secures their network with WPA2-Personal authentication and AES-CCMP encryption.
What part of the 802.11 frame is always protected from eavesdroppers by this type of security?
- A. All MSDU contents
- B. All PPDU contents
- C. All PSDU contents
- D. All MPDU contents
正解：A
解説：
In WPA2-Personal with AES-CCMP:
The MSDU (MAC Service Data Unit), which includes the payload from Layer 3 and above, is encrypted.
This protects the actual application data (e.g., web content, email).
Frame headers (MAC headers) are not encrypted.
Incorrect:
B). MPDU includes MAC headers, which are not encrypted.
C). PPDU includes preamble and physical-layer components, which are never encrypted.
D). PSDU includes the MAC header and frame body; again, headers are not encrypted.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 3 (Frame Protection)
IEEE 802.11 Frame Structure Guide
質問 # 36
What is one advantage of using EAP-TTLS instead of EAP-TLS as an authentication mechanism in an 802.11 WLAN?
- A. EAP-TTLS does not require an authentication server, but EAP-TLS does.
- B. EAP-TTLS does not require the use of a certificate for each STA as authentication credentials, but EAP- TLS does.
- C. EAP-TTLS sends encrypted supplicant credentials to the authentication server, but EAP-TLS uses unencrypted user credentials.
- D. EAP-TTLS supports client certificates, but EAP-TLS does not.
正解：B
解説：
EAP-TLS requires both server and client-side digital certificates, which adds complexity in client certificate management.
EAP-TTLS uses a server certificate to establish a secure TLS tunnel, after which user credentials (e.g., username/password) are sent inside the encrypted tunnel. No client certificate is needed.
Incorrect:
A). EAP-TLS also encrypts credentials using TLS.
B). EAP-TLS supports client certificates (it's the core requirement).
C). Both EAP methods require an authentication server.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 4 (EAP Methods Comparison)
CWNP EAP-TTLS Deployment Guide
質問 # 37
Wireless Intrusion Prevention Systems (WIPS) provide what network security services? (Choose 2)
- A. Application-layer traffic inspection
- B. Configuration distribution for autonomous APs
- C. Analysis and reporting of AP CPU utilization
- D. Wireless vulnerability assessment
- E. Policy enforcement and compliance management
正解：D、E
解説：
WIPS systems provide proactive security by continuously scanning for threats and ensuring WLAN policy compliance. Their capabilities include:
B). Wireless vulnerability assessment: Scanning for misconfigured APs, weak encryption, and unauthorized devices.
E). Policy enforcement and compliance: Ensuring security settings adhere to enterprise or regulatory requirements and alerting on deviations.
Other options like application-layer inspection and AP CPU monitoring are outside the WIPS function scope.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 7 - WIPS Services and Capabilities
CWNP CWSP-208 Objectives: "WIPS Threat Mitigation and Enforcement"
質問 # 38
Given: You are using WEP as an encryption solution. You are using VLANs for network segregation.
Why can you not establish an RSNA?
- A. RSNA connections require TKIP or CCMP.
- B. RSNA connections require BIP and do not support TKIP, CCMP or WEP.
- C. RSNA connections require CCMP and do not support TKIP or WEP.
- D. RSNA connections do not work in conjunction with VLANs.
正解：A
解説：
RSNA (Robust Security Network Association), as defined by 802.11i, requires:
TKIP (WPA) or CCMP (WPA2) for encryption.
WEP is deprecated and not supported for RSNA since it does not meet RSN standards.
Incorrect:
B & C. BIP is not required for RSNA formation-it is used for management frame protection (802.11w).
D). VLANs are orthogonal to RSNA-network segmentation does not interfere with RSNA formation.
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 3 (RSNA Formation and Key Hierarchy)
IEEE 802.11i and 802.11-2012 Standards
質問 # 39
Given: A WLAN protocol analyzer trace reveals the following sequence of frames (excluding the ACK frames):
1) 802.11 Probe Req and 802.11 Probe Rsp
2) 802.11 Auth and then another 802.11 Auth
3) 802.11 Assoc Req and 802.11 Assoc Rsp
4) EAPOL-KEY
5) EAPOL-KEY
6) EAPOL-KEY
7) EAPOL-KEY
What security mechanism is being used on the WLAN?
- A. 802.1X/LEAP
- B. WPA-Enterprise
- C. EAP-TLS
- D. WPA2-Personal
- E. WEP-128
正解：D
解説：
The key clue in this sequence is the four EAPOL-Key frames, which indicate a 4-way handshake - a hallmark of WPA and WPA2 authentication processes. There is no EAP exchange preceding the 4-way handshake, which eliminates WPA/WPA2-Enterprise and 802.1X/EAP methods. This points directly to WPA2-Personal, where PSK (Pre-Shared Key) is used and there is no EAP exchange before key generation.
Also, the second "Auth" frame suggests Open System Authentication was used, which is typical for RSN- based networks (not Shared Key as in WEP).
References:
CWSP-208 Study Guide, Chapter 6 - Frame Analysis and 4-Way Handshake
CWNP CWSP-208 Objectives: "Identify WPA/WPA2 Operation from Frame Traces"
質問 # 40
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