（PDF)LPIC-3 305-300試験と認定テストエンジン
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質問 # 17
Which of the following statements in aDockerfileleads to a container which outputs hello world? (Choose two.)
- A. ENTRYPOINT [ "echo", "hello", "world" ]
- B. ENTRYPOINT echo Hello World
- C. ENTRYPOINT [ "echo hello world" ]
- D. ENTRYPOINT "echo Hello World"
- E. ENTRYPOINT "echo", "Hello", "World*
正解：A、C
解説：
Explanation
The ENTRYPOINT instruction in a Dockerfile specifies the default command to run when a container is started from the image. The ENTRYPOINT instruction can be written in two forms: exec form and shell form.
The exec form uses a JSON array to specify the command and its arguments, such as [ "executable",
"param1", "param2" ]. The shell form uses a single string to specify the command and its arguments, such as
"executable param1 param2". The shell form is converted to the exec form by adding /bin/sh -c to the beginning of the command. Therefore, the following statements in a Dockerfile are equivalent and will lead to a container that outputs hello world:
ENTRYPOINT [ "echo hello world" ] ENTRYPOINT [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "echo hello world" ] ENTRYPOINT
"echo hello world" ENTRYPOINT [ "echo", "hello", "world" ] ENTRYPOINT [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "echo",
"hello", "world" ] ENTRYPOINT "echo hello world"
The other statements in the question are invalid or incorrect. The statement A. ENTRYPOINT "echo Hello World" is invalid because it uses double quotes to enclose the entire command, which is not allowed in the shell form. The statement D. ENTRYPOINT echo Hello World is incorrect because it does not use quotes to enclose the command, which is required in the shell form. The statement E. ENTRYPOINT "echo", "Hello",
"World" is invalid because it uses double quotes to separate the command and its arguments, which is not allowed in the exec form. References:
* Dockerfile reference | Docker Docs
* Using the Dockerfile ENTRYPOINT and CMD Instructions - ATA Learning
* Difference Between run, cmd and entrypoint in a Dockerfile
質問 # 18
Which of the following services can QEMU provide in a user network? (Choose three.)
- A. CIFS
- B. BGP
- C. AppleTalk
- D. DHCP
- E. TFTP
正解：D、E
解説：
Explanation
QEMU can provide some network services in a user network, which is a mode of networking that does not require any administrator privilege to run. The user network uses the SLIRP TCP/IP emulator to create a virtual NAT'ted subnet, with a DHCP server started by QEMU that gives out IP addresses to the guest machines and puts the host on 10.0.2.21. QEMU can also provide a TFTP server in the user network, which can be used to boot the guest machines from a network image. The TFTP server can be configured with the
-tftp option2. QEMU does not provide BGP, CIFS, or AppleTalk services in the user network. BGP is a routing protocol that is used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems on the Internet3. CIFS is a file-sharing protocol that is used to access files and printers on a network4. AppleTalk is a deprecated network protocol suite that was used by Apple devices5. These services require more advanced networking features than the user network can offer, such as bridging, routing, or tunneling.
References:
* Documentation/Networking - QEMU
* QEMU/Networking - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
* Border Gateway Protocol - Wikipedia
* Common Internet File System - Wikipedia
* AppleTalk - Wikipedia
質問 # 19
Which of the following statements is true regarding the following output ofxl list:
- A. CentOS is the domain which has consumed the most CPU time.
- B. Ubuntu is idle or waiting for I/O.
- C. The domain with ID 2 uses Para virtualization.
- D. Both Debian and Ubuntu require xl commands to start running.
- E. It is necessary to use the xl command to change Ubuntu's state to running.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The output of xl list shows the state of the domains. The domain with ID 6, Ubuntu, has a state of "b-". This means that the domain is blocked, which means it is idle or waiting for I/O.
https://xenbits.xen.org/docs/unstable/man/xl.1.html
質問 # 20
What is the purpose of capabilities in the context of container virtualization?
- A. Map potentially dangerous system calls to an emulation layer provided by the container virtualization.
- B. Enable memory deduplication to cache files which exist in multiple containers.
- C. Restrict the disk space a container can consume.
- D. Allow regular users to start containers with elevated permissions.
- E. Prevent processes from performing actions which might infringe the container.
正解：E
質問 # 21
Which directory is used bycloud-initto store status information and configuration information retrieved from external sources?
- A. /tmp/.cloud/
- B. /opt/cloud/var/
- C. /var/lib/cloud/
- D. /etc/cloud-init/cache/
- E. /proc/sys/cloud/
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
cloud-init uses the /var/lib/cloud/ directory to store status information and configuration information retrieved from external sources, such as the cloud platform'smetadata service or user data files. The directory contains subdirectories for different types of data, such as instance, data, handlers, scripts, and sem. The instance subdirectory contains information specific to the current instance, such as the instance ID, the user data, and the cloud-init configuration. The data subdirectory contains information about the data sources that cloud-init detected and used. The handlers subdirectory contains information about the handlers that cloud-init executed.
The scripts subdirectory contains scripts that cloud-init runs at different stages of the boot process, such as per-instance, per-boot, per-once, and vendor. The sem subdirectory contains semaphore files that cloud-init uses to track the execution status of different modules and stages. References:
* Configuring and managing cloud-init for RHEL 8 - Red Hat Customer Portal
* vsphere - what is the linux file location where the cloud-init user ...
質問 # 22
Which of the following kinds of data cancloud-initprocess directly from user-data? (Choose three.)
- A. cloud-config declarations in YAML
- B. Shell scripts to execute
- C. Lists of URLs to import
- D. Base64-encoded binary files to execute
- E. ISO images to boot from
正解：A、B、C
質問 # 23
Which of the following are true regarding the CPU of a QEMU virtual machine? (Choose two.)
- A. For each QEMU virtual machine, one dedicated physical CPU core must be reserved.
- B. QEMU uses the concept of virtual CPUs to map the virtual machines to physical CPUs.
- C. Each QEMU virtual machine can only have one CPU with one core.
- D. QEMU virtual machines support multiple virtual CPUs in order to run SMP systems.
- E. The CPU architecture of a QEMU virtual machine is independent of the host system's architecture.
正解：D、E
解説：
Explanation
The CPU architecture of a QEMU virtual machine is independent of the host system's architecture. QEMU can emulate many CPU architectures, including x86, ARM, Alpha, and SPARC, regardless of the host system's architecture1. This allows QEMU to run guest operating systems that are not compatible with the host system's hardware. Therefore, option A is correct. QEMU virtual machines support multiple virtual CPUs in order to run SMP systems. QEMU uses the concept of virtual CPUs (vCPUs) to map the virtual machines to physical CPUs. Each vCPU is a thread that runs on a physical CPU core. QEMU allows the user to specify the number of vCPUs and the CPU model for each virtual machine. QEMU can run SMP systems with multiple vCPUs, as well as single-processor systems with one vCPU2. Therefore, option E is also correct. The other options are incorrect because they do not describe the CPU of a QEMU virtual machine. Option B is wrong because QEMU virtual machines can have more than one CPU with more than one core. Option C is wrong because QEMU does not require a dedicated physical CPU core for each virtual machine. QEMU can share the physical CPU cores among multiple virtual machines, depending on the load and the scheduling policy.
Option D is wrong because QEMU does not use the term CPU, but vCPU, to refer to the virtual machines' processors. References:
* QEMU vs VirtualBox: What's the difference? - LinuxConfig.org
* QEMU / KVM CPU model configuration - QEMU documentation
* Introduction - QEMU documentation
* Qemu/KVM Virtual Machines - Proxmox Virtual Environment
質問 # 24
Which of the following network interface types are valid in an LXD container configuration? (Choose three.)
- A. ipsec
- B. wifi
- C. bridged
- D. physical
- E. macvlan
正解：C、D、E
質問 # 25
Which of the following commands boots a QEMU virtual machine using hardware virtualization extensions?
- A. vm -kvm -drive file=debian.img -cdrom debian.iso -m 1024 -boot d
- B. qemu-hw -create -drive file=debian.img -cdrom debian.iso -m 1024 -boot d
- C. qemu -accel kvm -drive file-debian.img -cdrom debian.iso -m 1024 -boot d
- D. qvm start -vmx -drive file=debian.img -cdrom debian.iso -m 1024 -boot d
- E. qvirt -create -drive file=debian.img -cdrom debian.iso -m 1024 -boot d -driver hvm
正解：C
質問 # 26
A clone of a previously used virtual machine should be created. All VM specific information, such as user accounts, shell histories and SSH host keys should be removed from the cloned disk image. Which of the following tools can perform these tasks?
- A. vire-wipe
- B. sysprep
- C. virt-rescue
- D. virt-svspre
- E. virc-reset
- F. virt-sparsi
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Sysprep is a tool that removes all your personal account and security information, and then prepares the machine to be used as an image. It is supported by Windows and some Linux distributions. It can also remove drivers and other machine-specific settings. Sysprep is required when creating a managed image outside of a gallery in Azure
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/generalize
質問 # 27
Which of the following commands lists all differences between the disk images vm1-snap.img and vm1.img?
- A. virt-history -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- B. virt-cp-in -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- C. virt-delta -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- D. virt-cmp -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
- E. virt-diff -a vm1-snap.img -A vm1.img
正解：E
質問 # 28
After setting up a data container using the following command:
docker create -v /data --name datastore debian /bin/true
how is an additional new container started which shares the/datavolume with the datastore container?
- A. docker run -v /data --name service debian bash
- B. docker run --volume-backend datastore -v /data --name service debian bash
- C. docker run --share-with datastore --name service debian bash
- D. docker run --volumes-from datastore --name service debian bash
- E. docker run -v datastore:/data --name service debian bash
正解：D
質問 # 29
What happens when the following command is executed twice in succession?
docker run -tid -v data:/data debian bash
- A. Both containers share the contents of the data volume, have full permissions to alter its content and mutually see their respective changes.
- B. Each container is equipped with its own independent data volume, available at /data/ in the respective container.
- C. The container resulting from the second invocation can only read the content of /data/ and cannot change it.
- D. The original content of the container image data is available in both containers, although changes stay local within each container.
- E. The second command invocation fails with an error stating that the volume data is already associated with a running container.
正解：A
質問 # 30
Which of the following values would be valid in the FROM statement in aDockerfile?
- A. http://docker.example.com/images/ubuntu-focal.iso
- B. ubuntu:focal
- C. registry:ubuntu:focal
- D. file:/tmp/ubuntu/Dockerfile
- E. docker://ubuntu: focal
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The FROM statement in a Dockerfile specifies the base image from which the subsequent instructions are executed1. The value of the FROM statement can be either an image name, an image name with a tag, or an image ID1. The image name can be either a repository name or a repository name with a registry prefix2. For example, ubuntu is a repository name, and docker.io/ubuntu is a repository name with a registry prefix2. The tag is an optional identifier that can be used to specify a particular version or variant of an image1. For example, ubuntu:focal refers to the image with the focal tag in the ubuntu repository2. The image ID is a unique identifier that is automatically generated when an image is built or pulled1. For example, sha256:9b0dafaadb1cd1d14e4db51bd0f4c0d56b6b551b2982b2b7c637ca143ad605d2 is an image ID3.
Therefore, the only valid value in the FROM statement among the given options is ubuntu:focal, which is an image name with a tag. The other options are invalid because:
* docker://ubuntu:focal is not a valid image name format. The docker:// prefix is used to specify a transport protocol, not a registry prefix4.
* registry:ubuntu:focal is not a valid image name format. The registry prefix should be a valid hostname or IP address, not a generic term2.
* file:/tmp/ubuntu/Dockerfile is not a valid image name format. The file: prefix is used to specify a local file path, not an image name5.
* http://docker.example.com/images/ubuntu-focal.iso
is not a valid image name format.
The
http:// prefix is used to specify a web URL, not an image name
5.
References:
* 1: Dockerfile reference | Docker Docs
* 2: docker - Using FROM statement in dockerfile - Stack Overflow
* 3: How to get the image id from a docker image - Stack Overflow
* 4: skopeo - Docker Registry v2 API tool - Linux Man Pages (1)
* 5: How to build a Docker image from a local Dockerfile? - Stack Overflow
質問 # 31
Which CPU flag indicates the hardware virtualization capability on an AMD CPU?
- A. VMX
- B. SVM
- C. HVM
- D. VIRT
- E. PVM
正解：B
質問 # 32
Which of the following statements are true regarding resource management for full virtualization? (Choose two.)
- A. All processes created within the virtual machines are transparently and equally scheduled in the host system for CPU and I/O usage.
- B. The hygervisor may provide fine-grained limits to internal elements of the guest operating system such as the number of processes.
- C. It is up to the virtual machine to use its assigned hardware resources and create, for example, an arbitrary amount of network sockets.
- D. Full virtualization cannot pose any limits to virtual machines and always assigns the host system's resources in a first-come-first-serve manner.
- E. The hypervisor provides each virtual machine with hardware of a defined capacity that limits the resources of the virtual machine.
正解：C、E
解説：
Explanation
Resource management for full virtualization is the process of allocating and controlling the physical resources of the host system to the virtual machines running on it. The hypervisor is the software layer that performs this task, by providing each virtual machine with a virtual hardware of a defined capacity that limits the resources of the virtual machine. For example, the hypervisor can specify how many virtual CPUs, how much memory, and how much disk space each virtual machine can use. The hypervisor can also enforce resource isolation and prioritization among the virtual machines, to ensure that they do not interfere with each other or consume more resources than they are allowed to. The hypervisor cannot provide fine-grained limits to internal elements of the guest operating system, such as the number of processes, because the hypervisor does not have access to the internal state of the guest operating system. The guest operating system is responsible for managing its own resources within the virtual hardware provided by the hypervisor. For example, the guest operating system can create an arbitrary amount of network sockets, as long as it does not exceed the network bandwidth allocated by the hypervisor. Full virtualization can pose limits to virtual machines, and does not always assign the host system's resources in a first-come-first-serve manner. The hypervisor can use various resource management techniques, such as reservation, limit, share, weight, and quota, to allocate and control the resources of the virtual machines. The hypervisor can also use resource scheduling algorithms, such as round-robin, fair-share, or priority-based, to distribute the resources among the virtual machines according to their needs and preferences. All processes created within the virtual machines are not transparently and equally scheduled in the host system for CPU and I/O usage. The hypervisor can use different scheduling policies, such as proportional-share, co-scheduling, or gang scheduling, to schedule the virtual CPUs of the virtual machines on the physical CPUs of the host system. The hypervisor can alsouse different I/O scheduling algorithms, such as deadline, anticipatory, or completely fair queuing, to schedule the I/O requests of the virtual machines on the physical I/O devices of the host system. The hypervisor can also use different resource accounting and monitoring mechanisms, such as cgroups, perf, or sar, to measure and report the resource consumption and performance of the virtual machines. References:
* Oracle VM VirtualBox: Features Overview
* Resource Management as an Enabling Technology for Virtualization - Oracle
* Introduction to virtualization and resource management in IaaS | Cloud Native Computing Foundation
質問 # 33
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