IT-Risk-Fundamentals試験正確な問題集、学習ノートと理論 [2025年05月]
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質問 # 44
Which of the following are KEY considerations when selecting the best risk response for a given situation?
- A. Alignment with risk policy and industry standards
- B. Previous risk response strategies and action plans
- C. Cost of the response and capability to implement
正解：C
解説：
When selecting the best risk response for a given situation, organizations must evaluate multiple factors to ensure that the response is effective, feasible, and aligned with business objectives. Among the options, the cost of the response and the capability to implement it is the most critical consideration because even a well-designed risk response plan is ineffective if it is too expensive or impractical to implement.
Why Cost and Capability Matter Most?
* Financial Feasibility:
* Organizations operate within budget constraints, so the cost-effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies must be evaluated.
* A risk response that exceeds available resources can introduce new risks, such as financial instability.
* Operational Capability:
* Even if a response is cost-effective, it must also be technically and operationally feasible for the organization to implement.
* If an organization lacks the necessary expertise, infrastructure, or workforce, the response may fail or introduce additional vulnerabilities.
* Business Continuity Considerations:
* Selecting a risk response involves assessing whether implementation will disrupt business operations.
* Organizations need to balance risk reduction with maintaining productivity and service delivery.
Why Not the Other Options?
* Option A (Alignment with risk policy and industry standards):
* While aligning with policies and standards is important, risk responses should be practical and actionable rather than just compliant with guidelines.
* A policy-aligned response may still be too costly or complex to implement, making it an impractical choice.
* Option B (Previous risk response strategies and action plans):
* Historical risk responses provide valuable insights, but past approaches may not be suitable for current risks due to changing technologies, evolving threats, or business growth.
* Risk responses should be based on current risk conditions, not just past strategies.
Conclusion:
Selecting the best risk response requires careful evaluation of both cost and implementation capability. A response that is affordable, practical, and aligned with organizational capabilities is more likely to be effective in mitigating risk while ensuring business continuity.
# Reference: Principles of Incident Response & Disaster Recovery - Module 2: Risk Treatment Strategies
質問 # 45
Which of the following is an example of a preventive control?
- A. File integrity monitoring (FIM) on personal database stores
- B. Data management checks on sensitive data processing procedures
- C. Air conditioning systems with excess capacity to permit failure of certain components
正解：B
解説：
An example of a preventive control is data management checks on sensitive data processing procedures.
Here's why:
* File Integrity Monitoring (FIM) on Personal Database Stores: FIM is a detective control. It monitors changes to files and alerts administrators when unauthorized modifications occur.
* Air Conditioning Systems with Excess Capacity to Permit Failure of Certain Components: This is an example of a contingency plan or redundancy, designed to ensure availability but not directly related to preventing security incidents.
* Data Management Checks on Sensitive Data Processing Procedures: These checks are designed to ensure that data is processed correctly and securely from the start, preventing errors and unauthorized
* changes to sensitive data. This is a preventive measure as it aims to prevent issues before they occur.
Therefore, data management checks on sensitive data processing procedures are a preventive control.
質問 # 46
Which of the following is the BEST way to interpret enterprise standards?
- A. A means of implementing policy
- B. An approved code of practice
Q Documented high-level principles
正解：A
解説：
Unternehmensstandards dienen als Mittel zur Umsetzung von Richtlinien. Sie legen spezifische Anforderungen und Verfahren fest, die sicherstellen, dass die Unternehmensrichtlinien eingehalten werden.
* Definition und Bedeutung von Standards:
* Enterprise Standards: Dokumentierte, detaillierte Anweisungen, die die Umsetzung von Richtlinien unterstutzen.
* Implementierung von Richtlinien: Standards helfen dabei, die abstrakten Richtlinien in konkrete, umsetzbare Manahmen zu uberfuhren.
* Beispiele und Anwendung:
* IT-Sicherheitsstandards: Definieren spezifische Sicherheitsanforderungen, die zur Einhaltung der Ubergeordneten IT-Sicherheitsrichtlinien erforderlich sind.
* Compliance-Standards: Stellen sicher, dass gesetzliche und regulatorische Anforderungen eingehalten werden.
References:
* ISA 315: Role of IT controls and standards in implementing organizational policies.
* ISO 27001: Establishing standards for information security management to support policy implementation.
質問 # 47
Publishing l&T risk-related policies and procedures BEST enables an enterprise to:
- A. ensure regulatory compliance and adherence to risk standards.
- B. set the overall expectations for risk management.
- C. hold management accountable for risk loss events.
正解：B
解説：
Publishing IT risk-related policies and procedures sets the overall expectations for risk management within an enterprise. These documents provide a clear framework and guidelines for how risk should be managed, communicated, and mitigated across the organization. They outline roles, responsibilities, and processes, ensuring that all employees understand their part in the risk management process. This clarity helps align the organization's efforts towards a common goal and fosters a risk-aware culture. While holding management accountable and ensuring regulatory compliance are important, the primary role of these policies is to set the tone and expectations for managing risks effectively, as emphasized by standards such as ISO 27001 and COBIT.
質問 # 48
When determining the criticality of I&T assets, it is MOST important to identify:
- A. the business processes in which the asset is used to achieve objectives.
- B. the asset owners who are accountable for asset valuation.
- C. the infrastructure in which the asset is processed and stored.
正解：A
解説：
The criticality of an I&T asset is determined by its importance to the business processes it supports. If an asset is essential for a critical business process, it is considered highly critical. The impact of the asset's unavailability on the business process is the key factor.
While asset owners (A) are important for accountability, the business process is what drives criticality. The infrastructure (C) is relevant for security considerations, but the business process determines criticality.
質問 # 49
Organizations monitor control statuses to provide assurance that:
- A. compliance with established standards is achieved.
- B. risk events are being fully mitigated.
- C. return on investment (ROI) objectives are met.
正解：A
解説：
Purpose of Monitoring Control Statuses:
* Organizations monitor control statuses to ensure that the controls in place are functioning correctly and achieving their intended outcomes.
Providing Assurance:
* Monitoring control statuses provides assurance that the organization is compliant with established standards, regulations, and internal policies.
* Compliance is a critical aspect of governance and risk management, ensuring that the organization operates within legal and regulatory frameworks.
Comparison of Options:
* Bensuring risk events are fully mitigated is an important aspect but is secondary to the overarching goal of compliance.
* Cmeeting ROI objectives is related to financial performance but does not directly relate to the primary purpose of control monitoring, which is compliance.
Conclusion:
* Thus, the primary reason for monitoring control statuses is to provide assurance thatcompliance with established standards is achieved.
質問 # 50
Which of the following provides the MOST important input for analyzing I&T-related risk?
- A. Information about past incidents, frequency, and loss to the organization
- B. Information about market trends and technology evolution
- C. Information about threats and vulnerabilities
正解：C
解説：
The most important input for analyzing I&T-related risk is information about threats and vulnerabilities.
Threats represent potential events that could harm the organization, while vulnerabilities are weaknesses that could be exploited by those threats. Understanding these is fundamental to risk analysis.
While market trends (A) and past incidents (B) are valuable inputs, they are not the most important.
質問 # 51
Risk impact criteria are PRIMARILY used to:
- A. help establish the enterprise risk appetite.
- B. determine loss associated with specific IT assets.
- C. prioritize the enterprise's risk responses.
正解：C
解説：
Risk impact criteria define the potential consequences of a risk event occurring. These criteria are primarily used to prioritize risk responses. By understanding the potential impact of different risks, organizations can focus their efforts on mitigating the most significant risks first.
While impact criteria can inform risk appetite (A), their primary use is in prioritization. Determining loss associated with specific IT assets (B) is part of impact assessment, but the criteria themselves are used for prioritization.
質問 # 52
Which of the following is the PRIMARY concern with vulnerability assessments?
- A. Report size
- B. False positives
- C. Threat mitigation
正解：B
解説：
The primary concern with vulnerability assessments is the presence of false positives. Here's why:
* Threat Mitigation: While vulnerability assessments help in identifying potential vulnerabilities that need to be mitigated, this is not a concern but an objective of the assessment. It aims to provide information for better threat mitigation.
* Report Size: The size of the report generated from a vulnerability assessment is not a primary concern.
The focus is on the accuracy and relevance of the findings rather than the volume of the report.
* False Positives: These occur when the vulnerability assessment incorrectly identifies a security issue that does not actually exist. False positives can lead to wasted resources as time and effort are spent investigating and addressing non-existent problems. They can also cause distractions from addressing real vulnerabilities, thus posing a significant concern.
The primary concern, therefore, is managing and reducing false positives to ensure the vulnerability assessment is accurate and effective.
質問 # 53
Risk monitoring is MOST effective when it is conducted:
- A. before and after completing the risk treatment plan.
- B. throughout the risk treatment planning process.
- C. following changes to the business's environment.
正解：B
解説：
Effectiveness of Risk Monitoring:
* Continuous risk monitoring throughout the risk treatment planning process ensures that changes in the risk environment are detected early and addressed promptly.
* It allows for real-time adjustments and improvements to the risk treatment plan.
Phases of Risk Monitoring:
* Before Treatment:Initial monitoring helps in understanding the baseline risk levels and identifying critical areas that need attention.
* During Treatment:Ongoing monitoring ensures that the risk treatment measures are effective and any deviations are corrected timely.
* After Treatment:Post-treatment monitoring verifies the long-term effectiveness of the risk responses and identifies any residual risks.
References:
* ISA 315 (Revised 2019), Anlage 5discusses the importance of continuous monitoring in risk management to adapt to changes and ensure the effectiveness of risk treatments.
質問 # 54
Which of the following presents the GREATEST risk for the continued existence of an enterprise?
- A. When its actual risk eventually exceeds organizational risk appetite
- B. When its risk appetite and tolerance are reviewed annually
- C. When its risk appetite and actual risk exceed its risk capacity
正解：C
解説：
Risk appetite is the amount of risk an organization is willing to accept in pursuit of its objectives. Risk tolerance is the acceptable variation around that risk appetite. Risk capacity, however, represents the maximum amount of risk an organization can absorb before it faces critical failure. When actual risk, and even the risk appetite, exceed risk capacity, the organization's very survival is threatened. This scenario implies that potential losses could exceed the resources available to the organization, potentially leading to insolvency or collapse.
While exceeding risk appetite (B) is undesirable and requires action, it doesn't necessarily mean the organization's existence is in immediate danger. Annual reviews (A) are a good practice.
質問 # 55
Which of the following is considered an exploit event?
- A. The actual occurrence of an adverse event
- B. An attacker takes advantage of a vulnerability
- C. Any event that is verified as a security breach
正解：B
解説：
Ein Exploit-Ereignis tritt auf, wenn ein Angreifer eine Schwachstelle ausnutzt, um unbefugten Zugang zu einem System zu erlangen oder es zu kompromittieren. Dies ist ein grundlegender Begriff in der IT-Sicherheit.
Wenn ein Angreifer eine bekannte oder unbekannte Schwachstelle in einer Software, Hardware oder einem Netzwerkprotokoll erkennt und ausnutzt, wird dies als Exploit bezeichnet.
* Definition und Bedeutung:
* Ein Exploit ist eine Methode oder Technik, die verwendet wird, um Schwachstellen in einem System auszunutzen.
* Schwachstellen können Softwarefehler, Fehlkonfigurationen oder Sicherheitslücken sein.
* Ablauf eines Exploit-Ereignisses:
* Identifizierung der Schwachstelle: Der Angreifer entdeckt eine Schwachstelle in einem System.
* Entwicklung des Exploits: Der Angreifer entwickelt oder verwendet ein bestehendes Tool, um die Schwachstelle auszunutzen.
* Durchführung des Angriffs: Der Exploit wird durchgeführt, um unautorisierten Zugang zu erlangen oder Schaden zu verursachen.
References:
* ISA 315: Generelle IT-Kontrollen und die Notwendigkeit, Risiken aus dem IT-Einsatz zu identifizieren und zu behandeln.
* IDW PS 951: IT-Risiken und Kontrollen im Rahmen der Jahresabschlussprüfung, die die Notwendigkeit von Kontrollen zur Identifizierung und Bewertung von Schwachstellen unterstreicht.
質問 # 56
A business continuity plan (BCP) is:
- A. a document of controls that reduce the risk of losing critical processes.
- B. a risk-related document that focuses on business impact assessments (BIAs).
- C. a methodical plan detailing the steps of incident response activities.
正解：B
解説：
Definition and Purpose:
* ABusiness Continuity Plan (BCP)is a document that outlines how a business will continue operating during an unplanned disruption in service. It focuses on the processes and procedures necessary to ensure that critical business functions can continue.
BCP Components:
* The BCP typically includesBusiness Impact Assessments (BIAs), which identify critical functions and the impact of a disruption.
* It also encompasses risk assessments, recovery strategies, and continuity strategies for critical business functions.
Explanation of Options:
* Amethodical plan detailing the steps of incident response activities describes more of anIncident Response Plan (IRP).
* Ba document of controls that reduce the risk of losing critical processes could be part of a BCP but is more characteristic of a risk management plan.
* Caccurately reflects the BCP's focus on identifying and mitigating risks to business functions through BIAs, making it the most comprehensive and accurate description.
Conclusion:
* Therefore,Ccorrectly identifies a BCP as a document that focuses on BIAs to manage risks to critical
* business processes.
質問 # 57
Which of the following is a KEY contributing component for determining risk rankings to direct risk response?
- A. Maturity of risk management processes
- B. Cost of mitigating controls
- C. Severity of a vulnerability
正解：B
解説：
All of the options are relevant to risk response, but the cost of mitigating controls is a key factor in determining risk rankings. Organizations need to consider the cost-effectiveness of different risk responses. If the cost of mitigating a risk is prohibitively high, it may be ranked lower in priority compared to risks with more affordable mitigation options.
While the severity of a vulnerability (B) and the maturity of risk management processes (C) are important, they don't have the same direct impact on ranking as the cost of controls.
質問 # 58
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with IT hardware or devices?
- A. Sniffing attack
- B. Lack of interoperability
- C. Loss of source code
正解：B
解説：
Lack of interoperability is a direct risk associated with IT hardware and devices. If devices or systems cannot communicate or work together effectively, it can lead to operational inefficiencies, data silos, and system failures.
Loss of source code (A) is a risk associated with software, not typically hardware. A sniffing attack (C) is a threat that can be directed at hardware/devices, but lack of interoperability is a risk of the hardware itself.
質問 # 59
Which of the following is the FIRST step in an advanced persistent threat (APT) attack?
- A. Use social engineering to encourage employees to visit an infected website.
- B. Identify administrators and crack passwords to obtain administrator access.
- C. Collect information on the infrastructure of an organization to know where to attack.
正解：C
解説：
The first step in an APT attack is typically reconnaissance. Attackers need to understand the target organization's infrastructure, systems, and people before they can effectively plan and execute the attack. This involves collecting information about the organization's network, systems, applications, security controls, and employees. This reconnaissance phase is crucial for the attackers to identify vulnerabilities and entry points.
While social engineering (B) and password cracking (A) are common tactics used during an APT, they are not usually the first step.
質問 # 60
Which of the following is MOST important for the determination of I&T-related risk?
- A. The likelihood of occurrence for most relevant risk scenarios
- B. The impact on the business services that the IT system supports
- C. The impact on competitors in the same industry
正解：B
解説：
When determining IT-related risk, understanding the impact on business services supported by IT systems is crucial. Here's why:
* IT and Business Services Integration:IT systems are integral to most business services, providing the backbone for operations, communication, and data management. Any risk to IT systems directly translates to risks to the business services they support.
* Assessment of Business Impact:Evaluating the impact on business services involves understanding how IT failures or vulnerabilities could disrupt key operations, affect customer satisfaction, or result in financial losses. This assessment helps in prioritizing risk mitigation efforts towards the most critical business functions.
* Framework and Standards:Standards like ISO 27001 emphasize the importance of assessing the impact of IT-related risks on business operations. This helps in developing a comprehensive risk management strategy that aligns IT security measures with business objectives.
* Practical Application:For instance, if an IT system supporting customer transactions is at risk, the potential business impact includes loss of revenue, reputational damage, and legal repercussions.
Addressing such risks requires prioritizing security and reliability measures for the affected IT systems.
* References:The importance of assessing the impact on business services is underscored in guidelines like ISA 315, which emphasize understanding the entity's environment and its risk assessment process.
質問 # 61
As part of an I&T related risk assessment, which of the following should be reviewed to obtain an initial view of overall I&T related risk for the enterprise?
- A. Components of the risk register with remediation plans
- B. Components of the risk universe at a high level
- C. Threats and vulnerabilities for each risk factor identified
正解：B
解説：
The risk universe represents all potential risks that an organization faces. Reviewing the components of the risk universe at a high level provides an initial overview of the overall I&T-related risks for the enterprise.
This allows for a broad understanding of the landscape before diving into more specific details.
While threats and vulnerabilities (A) are important, they are part of the risk universe, not the overall view.
The risk register (B) contains details of identified risks, often with remediation plans, but it's a subset of the risk universe.
質問 # 62
Which of the following statements on an organization's cybersecurity profile is BEST suited for presentation to management?
- A. Security measures are configured to minimize the risk of a cyber attack.
- B. The probability of a cyber attack varies between unlikely and very likely.
- C. Risk management believes the likelihood of a cyber attack is not imminent.
正解：A
解説：
Communicating Cybersecurity Profile:
* When presenting the organization's cybersecurity profile to management, it is crucial to focus on the effectiveness of the security measures in place and their ability to minimize risks.
Clarity and Relevance:
* Statement A ("The probability of a cyber attack varies between unlikely and very likely") is too vague and does not provide actionable information.
* Statement B ("Risk management believes the likelihood of a cyber attack is not imminent") lacks specificity and does not detail the measures taken.
Effectiveness of Security Measures:
* Statement C highlights the proactive steps taken to configure security measures to minimize risk. This approach is more likely to instill confidence in management about the current cybersecurity posture.
* According to best practices in IT risk management, as outlined in various frameworks such as NIST and ISO 27001, focusing on the effectiveness and configuration of security controls is key to managing cybersecurity risks.
Conclusion:
* Thus, the statement best suited for presentation to management is: Security measures are configured to minimize the risk of a cyber attack.
質問 # 63
To establish an enterprise risk appetite, an organization should:
- A. establish risk tolerance for each business unit.
- B. aggregate risk statements for all lines of business.
- C. normalize risk taxonomy across the organization.
正解：A
解説：
To establish an enterprise risk appetite, it is essential for an organization to establish risk tolerance for each business unit. Risk tolerance defines the specific level of risk that each business unit is willing to accept in pursuit of its objectives. This approach ensures that risk management is tailored to the unique context and operational realities of different parts of the organization, enabling a more precise and effective risk management strategy. Normalizing risk taxonomy and aggregating risk statements are important steps in the broader risk management process but establishing risk tolerance is fundamental for defining risk appetite at the unit level. This concept is supported by standards such as ISO 31000 and frameworks like COSO ERM (Enterprise Risk Management).
質問 # 64
An enterprise that uses a two-factor authentication login method for accessing sensitive data has implemented which type of control?
- A. Detective
- B. Preventive
- C. Corrective
正解：B
解説：
An enterprise that uses a two-factor authentication login method for accessing sensitive data has implemented a preventive control. Here's why:
* Preventive Control: This type of control is designed to prevent security incidents before they occur.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) enhances security by requiring two forms of verification (e.g., a password and a mobile code) to access sensitive data. This prevents unauthorized access by ensuring that even if one authentication factor (like a password) is compromised, the second factor remains a barrier to entry.
* Corrective Control: These controls come into play after an incident has occurred, aiming to correct or mitigate the impact. Examples include restoring data from backups or applying patches after a vulnerability is exploited. 2FA does not correct an incident but prevents it from happening.
* Detective Control: These controls are designed to detect and alert about incidents when they happen.
Examples include intrusion detection systems (IDS) and audit logs. 2FA is not about detection but about prevention.
Therefore, two-factor authentication is a preventive control.
質問 # 65
The PRIMARY reason for the implementation of additional security controls is to:
- A. adhere to local data protection laws.
- B. avoid the risk of regulatory noncompliance.
- C. manage risk to acceptable tolerance levels.
正解：C
解説：
The primary reason for the implementation of additional security controls is to manage risk to acceptable tolerance levels. Here's the explanation:
* Avoid the Risk of Regulatory Noncompliance: While compliance is important, the primary driver of security controls is broader than just compliance. It is about managing overall risk, which includes but is not limited to regulatory requirements.
* Adhere to Local Data Protection Laws: This is a specific aspect of risk management related to compliance. However, the broader goal of implementing security controls is to address a wide range of risks, not just those related to legal compliance.
* Manage Risk to Acceptable Tolerance Levels: The fundamental purpose of implementing additional security controls is to ensure that risks are reduced to levels that are acceptable to the organization. This encompasses regulatory compliance, data protection, operational continuity, and overall security posture.
Therefore, the primary reason is to manage risk to acceptable tolerance levels.
References:
* ISA 315 Anlage 5 and 6: Detailed guidelines on preventive, corrective, and detective controls, as well as risk management strategies.
* ISO-27001 and GoBD standards for risk management and the implementation of security controls.
These references provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles and methodologies involved in IT risk and audit processes.
質問 # 66
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