必ず合格できるCIPS L4M4試験の正確な278問題と解答あります
最新 [2026年01月12日]2026年最新の実際にある検証済みのL4M4問題集
CIPS L4M4 認定試験の出題範囲：
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質問 # 10
Incoterms are designed to be understood and interpreted on a worldwide basis. What is the interpretation for FOB (Free on Board)?
- A. The buyer takes responsibility for taking the goods from the departure quayside to the ship, plus all subsequent costs
- B. The buyer takes responsibility for transferring the goods from the seller's premises to the ship, plus all subsequent costs
- C. The buyer takes responsibility for the goods after they are loaded on the ship, plus all subsequent costs including freight charges
- D. The buyer takes responsibility for the goods after they are loaded on the ship, plus subsequent costs excluding freight charges
正解：C
解説：
Under theFOB (Free on Board)Incoterm, the seller is responsible for delivering the goods onto the vessel at the named port of shipment. Once the goods are on board, the risk and responsibility transfer to the buyer.
From that point onward, the buyer assumes all costs and risks associated with the transportation of the goods, including freight charges, insurance, unloading, and delivery to the final destination.
This interpretation aligns with the Incoterms 2020 rules set by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). It's crucial to note that FOB is applicable only for sea or inland waterway transport and is not suitable for containerized cargo, where theFCA (Free Carrier)term is more appropriate.
References:
Trade Finance Global: FOB (Free on Board) - Incoterms 2020 Rule
Maersk: FOB Incoterms meaning | Free on Board shipping
質問 # 11
What mechanism helps buying organisations achieve a best value outcome in a tender exercise?
- A. Timetabling the process
- B. Providing a debrief
- C. Restricting the number of bidders
- D. Advertising requirements
正解：B
解説：
Providing a debrief allows suppliers to understand the tender process and learn areas of improvement, promoting transparency. This practice supports responsible sourcing by fostering a fair, competitive environment and encouraging suppliers to improve their future offerings.
質問 # 12
Which of the following areas of legislative and regulatory requirements prevent the deliberate limit-ing of supply and the formation of cartels?
- A. ethical practice
- B. product safety standards
- C. data protection
- D. marketplace competition
正解：B
解説：
the correct answer is 'marketplace competition'.
Ethical practice is about prohibiting corrupt and unfair practice, rather than issues of supply and demand.
Although being in a cartel is 'unethical behavior' this option doesn't fully answer the question which talks about limiting supply- this is related to marketplace competition.
質問 # 13
A buyer of bakery and cereal products is tracking wheat prices. Severe weather causes crop failure in a major wheat-producing country, creating global shortage while demand remains high. How can this research help the buyer?
- A. The buyer will find it difficult to negotiate a lower price for products containing wheat-based ingredients
- B. Bakery produce is likely to be at a lower price as there is less availability of wheat flour in the market
- C. The price for wheat-based produce will not be affected by the global shortages as demand is still high
- D. The buyer will be in a strong bargaining position to reduce the price of wheat-based food items
正解：A
解説：
In situations of global commodity shortages, basic supply-and-demand principles mean that prices increase when demand remains constant or high. This reduces the buyer's bargaining power, making it difficult to negotiate lower prices (C). Instead, suppliers are likely to increase costs due to scarcity. Options A and D are incorrect because reduced availability drives prices up, not down. Option B is misleading - prices are affected by shortages. Responsible sourcing requires procurement professionals to anticipate such volatility through market intelligence, consider alternative supply sources, or explore hedging/forward contracts to mitigate risks.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Implications" - commodity markets, supply/demand dynamics, negotiation power.
質問 # 14
Why is it important to consider factors such as environmental, social, governance, and ethics (ESG) when analysing tenders?
* To ensure adherence to sustainability initiatives
* To improve process workflow
* To perform supplier spend and monitoring
* To identify potential risks within the supply chain
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 2 only
正解：C
解説：
Including ESG criteria in tender analysis helps ensure suppliers align with the buyer's sustainability initiatives (1) and helps identify risks within the supply chain (4), such as unethical labour practices or environmental harm. Improving workflow (2) and spend monitoring (3) are operational concerns but not ESG drivers.
Responsible sourcing requires procurement professionals to integrate ESG into decision-making, ensuring not only cost-efficiency but also ethical compliance, resilience, and long-term value. This reflects the growing importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and stakeholder expectations.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Concepts" - ESG in sourcing decisions.
質問 # 15
A buyer has been tasked with placing an order for steel from another country and using Incoterms for the delivery. The buyer's organisation has an in-house transportation and export clearance department. During negotiations, the buyer achieved a 25% cost reduction by accepting responsibility to arrange loading, transportation, and export clearance. Which Incoterm has been agreed?
- A. FOB - Free on Board
- B. EXW - Ex Works
- C. FCA - Free Carrier
- D. CIP - Carriage and Insurance Paid
正解：B
解説：
Under the EXW (Ex Works) Incoterm, the buyer assumes responsibility for transportation and export clearance from the seller's premises. This term aligns with cost-saving measures and the buyer's internal capabilities for logistics, supporting efficient and responsible sourcing.
質問 # 16
Which of the following are examples of secondary data? Select TWO
- A. networking
- B. trade fairs and exhibitions
- C. comparison websites
- D. commissioned market research
- E. economic indices
正解：C、E
解説：
economic indices and comparison websites are secondary sources of data. The other three are examples of primary sources of data.
Primary= you get the data yourself
Secondary = you find the data from somewhere else
質問 # 17
A buyer of bakery and cereal products has tracked wheat prices. Severe weather has reduced wheat supply globally, but demand remains high. How can this research help the buyer?
- A. The price for wheat-based produce will not be affected as demand is still high
- B. Bakery produce is likely to be at a lower price as there is less wheat flour available
- C. The buyer will be in a strong bargaining position to reduce prices
- D. The buyer will find it difficult to negotiate a lower price for wheat-based ingredients
正解：D
解説：
Global shortages combined with steady or high demand create upward price pressure. This reduces the buyer' s bargaining power, making it difficult to negotiate lower prices. Instead, suppliers are justified in raising prices to reflect scarcity. Options A and C are contradictory to economic principles, while B ignores the impact of shortages on pricing. Responsible sourcing requires buyers to anticipate such conditions using market intelligence and mitigate risks through forward contracts, alternative sourcing, or hedging strategies, rather than relying on negotiation leverage during shortages.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Implications" - commodity volatility and negotiation power.
質問 # 18
There are a number of models that can be used to appraise suppliers before commencing a full tendering process. Which of the following could be considered when appraising a supplier?
* Capacity
* Control
* Compatibility
* Commodity
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 2 and 4 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 1 and 3 only
正解：D
解説：
Capacity and compatibility are critical factors in supplier appraisal. Evaluating these factors ensures that the supplier can meet the buyer's requirements in terms of production capacity and aligns with responsible sourcing by ensuring the supplier's values and practices are compatible with the buyer's expectations.
質問 # 19
Which of the following is a UK legislation concerning product safety?
- A. Consumer Rights Act 2015
- B. Competition Act 1998
- C. GDPR 2018
- D. Enterprise Act 2002
正解：A
解説：
The Consumer Rights Act 2015 is about product safety and making sure products sold on the market are fit for purpose. It gives buyers rights and protections. The Consumer Rights Act 2015 - Citizens Advice There's a long list of legislation on p.105. I wouldn't worry about memorizing them all but just have an idea of what legislation relates to what area. E.g. GDPR is about Data Protection and the Com-petitions Act is about Marketplace competition. Most of them are quite obvious from the name.
質問 # 20
A buyer in the public sector has put an advert out asking for interested suppliers to express an interest in a potential tender activity to provide a facilities management contract to a hospital trust. The suppliers who have met that criteria are then sent a document detailing how they should submit their tender, how to price the opportunity, asksQuestionsrelating to how they will deliver the service and gives a deadline for bids to be submitted. Which document have the suppliers ben sent?
- A. Invitation to Tender
- B. Invitation to Quote
- C. Request for Quotation
- D. Request for Tender
正解：A
解説：
This is an Invitation to Tender.
The only other real document listed in Request for Quotation. This is incorrect because the document asks questions relating to how they will deliver the service. This means price isn't the only factor, which is the case for a RfQ.
Request for Tender and Invitation to Quote are not real things.
質問 # 21
Why is it important to consider factors such as environmental, social, governance and ethics when analysing tender proposals from the market?
* To ensure adherence to sustainability initiatives
* To improve the process workflow
* To perform supplier spend and monitoring
* To identify potential risks within the supply chain
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 2 only
正解：C
解説：
Incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and ethical considerations into tender analysis is crucial for:
* Adherence to Sustainability Initiatives:Ensuring that suppliers align with the organisation's sustainability goals and legal obligations.
* Risk Identification:Assessing ESG factors helps in identifying potential risks in the supply chain, such as environmental violations or unethical labour practices, which can impact the organisation's reputation and operations.
Exact Extract from Study Guide:
"This unit focuses on responsible procurement practices, ensuring that sourcing decisions align with legal, environmental, and social governance (ESG) principles."
質問 # 22
Incoterms are divided into four main groups to follow movement of goods covering exporter's premises, export/import points, and cost/risk. Which letters represent the groups?
- A. E, F, C, D
- B. E, F, B, C
- C. B, C, F, C
- D. A, B, C, D
正解：A
解説：
Incoterms are grouped into four categories:
* E: Departure (EXW)
* F: Main carriage unpaid (FCA, FAS, FOB)
* C: Main carriage paid (CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP)
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Application" - Incoterms groupings and risk allocation.
質問 # 23
A procurement manager of a medium-sized company has suggested to their executive board that implementing an ISO environmental standard would improve procurement practices and reduce environmental and social impacts. However, some colleagues are concerned about the potential complexity and supplier resistance. Should the company go ahead with the recommendation?
- A. No, because ISO standards are only relevant to large organisations
- B. No, ISO standards are too complex for staff and suppliers to understand and follow
- C. Yes, as it would align with, and help to achieve, sustainability goals
- D. Yes, implementation would guarantee that the company is compliant with all environmental laws
正解：C
解説：
Adopting ISO environmental standards aligns procurement practices with sustainability goals and helps reduce environmental and social impacts. Although implementing ISO standards may require initial adjustments, they foster long-term benefits by promoting responsible and ethical sourcing practices across the supply chain.
質問 # 24
Which of the following can be undertaken by the buyer in relation to the governance of a supplier's ethical and sustainable behaviours?
* Review the insurance clauses in the contract
* Check that the supplier's internal policies are up to date
* Check the supplier's conflict of interest register for their contract
* Review the non-disclosure agreement for their contract
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 3 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
正解：B
解説：
Regularly checking supplier policies and conflict of interest registers helps ensure that suppliers are upholding ethical standards, which supports responsible sourcing practices. This governance activity aligns with ethical guidelines to promote transparency and prevent conflicts that could affect the integrity of the supply chain.
質問 # 25
Steff is a procurement manager at Giant Buttons Ltd who are considering offshoring a small section of their manufacturing operations. Which of the following is a risk of offshoring that Steff should consider.
- A. importation rules and tariffs
- B. exportation rules and tariffs
- C. lower operating costs
- D. payments by electronic bank transfer
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is importation rules and tariffs. This is because in offshoring some of the manufacturing will be done in another country then shipped back to the UK. The products will have to go through customs so may be subject to tariffs and duties.
Steff's not exporting anything in the scenario and paying electronically and getting lower costs are not RISKS.
質問 # 26
Which models would be appropriate for analysis of the supply market?
* Porter's Five Forces
* Porter's Value Chain
* STEEPLED
* Ishikawa Fishbone
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 2 and 4 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 1 and 3 only
正解：D
解説：
Supply market analysis involves identifying competitive pressures and external influences. Porter's Five Forces assesses supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes, new entrants, and rivalry - directly relevant to market dynamics. STEEPLED analysis considers external macro-environmental factors (social, technological, economic, environmental, political, legal, ethical, demographic). By contrast, Porter's Value Chain analyses internal activities of a single organisation, while the Ishikawa diagram is a root-cause tool for problem-solving, not market analysis. Using the correct tools ensures sourcing decisions account for risks and opportunities at both industry and macro levels.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Concepts" - market analysis tools, external environment scanning.
質問 # 27
Sourcing is part of the procurement cycle and is likely to be used in conjunction with which activities? (Select TWO)
- A. Creating call-off orders
- B. Uploading goods received notes
- C. Identifying potential suppliers
- D. Requesting quotations
- E. Raising purchase requisitions
正解：C、D
解説：
Sourcing relates to identifying suppliers (E) and requesting quotations (D) as part of the market engagement stage of the procurement cycle. By contrast, creating call-off orders, raising requisitions, and goods receipting are post-contract operational activities. Responsible sourcing highlights that supplier identification and quotations are key to ensuring ethical, competitive, and compliant supply chains. These activities help ensure alignment with organisational goals, supplier diversity, and sustainability objectives.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Application" - sourcing activities within the procurement cycle.
質問 # 28
One of the typical selection criteria applied in determining the right supplier is 'technical capabilities', which might include ...
- A. The supplier's financial ratios, revealing that they are very highly geared
- B. The supplier's brand name is highly reputed for being associated with the Ethical Trading Initiative
- C. The supplier's ability to produce all required quantities and maintain contingency stocks
- D. The supplier's ability to keep its plant and machinery in a high state of repair and maintenance
正解：C
解説：
Technical capability focuses on the capacity to meet specification, volume, and reliability (including contingency). While maintenance is relevant, the clearest indicator among these options is the proven ability to deliver required quantities and hold contingency stock. Financial gearing and reputational associations are separate selection dimensions (financial/ethical).
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2): LO "Implementation" - supplier selection criteria (technical capability, capacity, quality, ethical credentials).
質問 # 29
Which of the following financial ratios would indicate a supplier's potential exposure risk to a steeprise in inflation?
- A. gearing ratio
- B. acid test
- C. current ratio
- D. gross profit margin
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is 'gearing ratio'.
Gearing measures how much of a company's funding is based on long-term debt or loans- this would be affected by a steep rise in inflation. If a company has a mortgage on their offices or facto-ry and they need to remortgage and inflation has gone up a lot- they'll be paying a lot more on their mortgage. This will severely effect the gearing ratio as they'll have more outgoings than incoming.
Gross profit margin COULD be affected by inflation, for example if you've got hyper-inflation and the country goes into recession and people stop buying your product. However, this answer isn't al-ways right and depends on many factors- the industry, the product, the company etc, so for the purpose of CIPS should be discounted. There are many industries which are immune to inflation.
質問 # 30
A company's balance sheet will show you which of the following?
- A. revenue, profit and expenses
- B. cash coming in and out of the business
- C. profit, loss and assets
- D. equity, assets and liabilities
正解：D
解説：
a balance sheet shows 'equity, assets and liabilities'. The other financial statements you need to know for this exam are cash flow statements and and income statements.
If you're not familiar with these three I strongly recommend you do some further reading on this before the exam if you can. This is helpful: How the 3 Financial Statements are Linked Together - Step by Step (corporatefinanceinstitute.com)
質問 # 31
Jamilla is looking to find a new supplier who can deliver raw materials of wood and paper to her company Woody Manufacturing Incorporated. The requirement is for regular orders of high volume. She has issued a Request for Quotation. What will this assess the suppliers on?
- A. the five rights of procurement
- B. who can deliver the highest quality items
- C. which price is the most ethical
- D. who can deliver the items the cheapest
正解：A
解説：
According to p.75 "a RFQ attempts to assess which supplier can achieve the Five Rights of Procurement".
Although price is the only factor considered when using a RFQ- it's important to consider this price in detail; can the supplier deliver the right QUALITY of product for this price?, can they deliver the item WHEN we need it for this price? etc.
The answer is not 'who will deliver it the cheapest' because Jamilla might not pick the cheapest sup-plier. If the cheapest supplier has inferior quality paper, or can only make deliveries every other Tuesday then Jamilla may not select them.
質問 # 32
A buyer might opt to do an 'Invitation to Tender' (ITT) rather than a 'Request for Quotation' (RFQ) process because ...
- A. The contract will be low value and there are many suppliers, therefore a simpler approach is required
- B. Time is of the essence and decisions need to be made quickly without additional stakeholder involvement
- C. The supplier market is an oligopoly where a few large suppliers dominate the market
- D. The nature of the goods or services being purchased are complex and high value
正解：D
解説：
An Invitation to Tender (ITT) is used when requirements are complex, high-value, or strategic, requiring detailed supplier submissions, robust evaluation, and structured governance. RFQs are better for low-value, straightforward purchases where price is the main factor. ITTs ensure fairness, transparency, and comprehensive evaluation when the stakes are high. It is not chosen simply because of oligopolies or time pressure. Responsible sourcing requires matching the sourcing process to the complexity and risk of the procurement, ensuring appropriate competition and governance.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Implementation" - sourcing procedures and their application.
質問 # 33
A buyer is considering trading with a new overseas supplier and wants to assess anti-bribery risks in that country. Which information sources would be useful? (Select TWO)
- A. Local Anti-Corruption Legislation
- B. International Standards Organisation (ISO)
- C. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs)
- D. Transparency International (TI)
- E. International Court of Arbitration (ICC)
正解：A、D
解説：
Local anti-corruption laws (A) provide insight into the legal framework and enforcement environment, while Transparency International (B) publishes the Corruption Perceptions Index and reports on bribery risks worldwide. These are reliable sources for assessing corruption levels and associated risks. UNSDGs set broad sustainability goals but not country-specific corruption risks. The ICC deals with arbitration, not anti-bribery.
ISO standards provide frameworks for compliance but do not analyse country risk. Responsible sourcing requires due diligence on governance environments to mitigate bribery risks and comply with anti-corruption legislation such as the UK Bribery Act.
Reference: CIPS L4M4 Study Guide (v2), LO: "Concepts" - ethical risk, corruption, and international frameworks.
質問 # 34
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合格させるL4M4試験には更新された278問題あります：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1lI1R35iWL1vIkXlWzH50S57i8DoNQORC